1. Geology 5660/6660 Applied Geophysics 21 Mar 2016 © A.R. Lowry 2016 For Wed 23 Mar: Burger 349-378 (§6.1-6.4) Last Time: Gravity Reduction For terrestrial measurements, we record measurement time and atmospheric pressure; correct for lunar, solar, planetary & solid Earth tides + atmospheric mass Measurement latitude  correction for ellipsoidal height and centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation (see text eqn 6.12) Free air correction is ~ –308.6  Gal/m : Free air anomaly : Bouguer slab correction : Complete Bouguer anomaly : ( D corr is instrumental drift;  = 2670 ; T corr is terrain correction)

2. Some applications take a further step and calculate a correction for mass that isostatically compensates topography… Implicitly assumes that all loading is topographic mass “piled on” at the surface, and also assumes a lithospheric plate strength (usually local isostasy  no strength) Explicitly wrong– there are better ways to address.

3. Bouguer gravity from the PACES data set for the region around Yellowstone & Snake River Plain (shaded relief is gravity in B; terrain for all of the others). Note “outlier” measurements (=> poor reduction or incorrect network reference value); high uncertainty away from meas. Curvature

4. Gravity Modeling seeks to characterize subsurface structures via geometry of variations in mass density  …  depends on rock type, porosity and pore fluids, temperature Generally  lowest for soils/seds, higher for lithified sed rx, highest for crystalline rx, increases with depth

5. Mickus et al., Geology 37 (2009)

6. Gravity Anomaly Due to a Spherical Source: Recall gravitational acceleration from a spherical source is given by We measure  g along a ~flat (ground) surface (i.e., x varies but d is fixed) so This is small relative to total ( < 10 -4 !!) and the gravimeter measures only the component of the anomaly in the ~ direction:  R x = 0 d gg r gzgz 

7. Note: Given only the gravity anomaly, the source of gravity is non-unique ! (1)Could increase the density contrast, decrease the radius to get identical anom (2) Could also decrease the depth and spread the density anomaly over a broader area to get identical anom However gravity unfairly gets a bad rap: ALL geophysical (& ALL geological) models are non-unique. Gravity narrows the solution space (or range of possible solutions).

8. In principle can calculate an anomaly for a density anomaly with any arbitrary body shape using: E.g.  horizontal cylinder: Recall for a sphere:  = 400 R = 200 d = 500 d = 1000 d = 500 d = 1000

9. Vertical cylinder (top at h 1, bottom at h 2 ):

10. Gravity on a Dipping Fault Recall: Sediments:  = 2200 kg/m 3 Basement:  = 2700 kg/m 3 Basement:  = 2700 kg/m 3

11.  = 0  = 500 x = 0   t = 3 km r2r2 x 22

12.  = 90°  = 30° 60 40

13. t = 3 km;  = 500 kg/m 3 t = 1.5 km;  = 1000 kg/m 3 Note asymptotes depend on t  !