1.  What if one-third of your town’s population just suddenly died?  What would you do? What would life be like?... 1

2.  What effects of the Black Death do you think had the greatest impact on European History?  How is the response to pandemics today different from the ones of the Middle Ages? Are there any similarities?

3.  Historians believe that the pathogen evolved in Central Asia and spread to Europe during the 1340s. The total number of deaths worldwide from this pandemic is estimated at 75 million people, approximately 25-50 million of these deaths occurred in Europe.  The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population and 30% of the population of China. It may have reduced the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400.

6.  In the Italian city of Siena, Agnolo di Tura wrote: "They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in … ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I, Agnolo di Tura … buried my five children with my own hands … And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world."

8.  Population  Fertile land (and food) for those who survived  Wages for those who survived  Support for the Church  Persecution of minorities in Europe, especially Jewish people  Incentive to make machines to do human work

11. RankCause of deathDeaths 2002 % of all Deaths All infectious diseases14.7 million25.90% 1Lower respiratory infections3.9 million6.90% 2HIV/AIDS2.8 million4.90% 3Diarrheal diseases1.8 million3.20% 4Tuberculosis (TB)1.6 million2.70% 5Malaria1.3 million2.20% 6Measles0.6 million1.10% 7Pertussis0.29 million0.50% 8Tetanus0.21 million0.40% 9Meningitis0.17 million0.30% 10Syphilis0.16 million0.30% 11Hepatitis B0.10 million0.20% 12Tropical diseases (6)[12]0.13 million0.20% Note: Other causes of death include maternal and prenatal conditions (5.2%), nutritional deficiencies (0.9%), noncommunicable conditions (58.8%), and injuries (9.1%)

13. Mosquito – Malaria, Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever Assassin Bug – Chagas Disease Lice – Typhus & Trench Fever Tsetse Fly – African Sleeping Sickness Flea - Plague

14. 14 Red represents newly emerging diseases; Blue, re-emerging/resurging diseases; Black, a 'deliberately emerging' disease Red represents newly emerging diseases; Blue, re-emerging/resurging diseases; Black, a 'deliberately emerging' disease EMERGING & RE-EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES World Map of Infectious Diseases

15.  Step 1 – Flip your coin once.  Step 2 – If it is “heads” – stand up – not immune If it is “tails” – stay seated – you’re immune  Step 3 – Look around the classroom. If an epidemic were to start somewhere, what is the likelihood that the whole class will become infected. In other words, can there be a path to infection for all?

16. 16 Estimated Herd Immunity Thresholds for Vaccine Preventable Diseases DiseaseTransmissionR0R0 Herd immunity threshold DiphtheriaSaliva6-785% MeaslesAirborne12-1883 - 94% Mumps Airborne droplet 4-775 - 86% Pertussis Airborne droplet 12-1792 - 94% Polio Fecal-oral route 5-780 - 86% Rubella Airborne droplet 5-780 - 85% SmallpoxSocial contact6-783 - 85% R 0 is the basic reproduction number, or the average number of secondary infectious cases that are produced by a single case in a completely susceptible population.basic reproduction number

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19.  The Black Death – summary of the Black Death The Black Death  1995 Ebola Virus – modern case of an epidemic 1995 Ebola Virus