1. Organs of Respiration Function of the Respiratory System Nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs - alveoli
Passageways purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air
Exchange of CO2 and O2 between the blood and external environment

2. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Olfactory receptors (smell) are located in the mucous membranes that line the superior surface of the nasal cavity
The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa
Moistens air
Traps incoming foreign particles
Ciliated cells move contaminated mucosa to the throat (pharynx) so you can spit it out.
Blood vessels are close to the surface 

3. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Lateral walls have projections called conchae
Conchae increase the surface area
Conchae increase air turbulence within the nasal cavity
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate (roof of the mouth)
Anterior hard palate (bone)
Posterior soft palate (muscle)

4. What causes nose bleeds?
Spontaneous nosebleeds are fairly common, especially in children.
When the mucous membrane inside the nose dries, crusts, or cracks (the skin splits open) and is then picked, it is likely to bleed.
Because the nose is full of blood any minor injury to the face can cause the nose to bleed profusely.

5. Cleft Lip/Palate
Cleft lip, with or without cleft palate, affects one in 700 babies annually, and is the fourth most common birth defect in the U.S.
In most cases, the cause of cleft lip and cleft palate is unknown. These conditions cannot be prevented. Most scientists believe clefts are due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

6. Cleft Lip
A cleft lip is a physical split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip and appears as a narrow opening or gap in the skin of the upper lip. This separation often extends beyond the base of the nose and includes the bones of the upper jaw and/or upper gum

7. Cleft Lip

8. Cleft Palate
A cleft palate is a split or opening in the roof of the mouth. A cleft palate can involve the hard palate and/or the soft palate.

9. Cleft Palate

10. Paranasal Sinuses Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone

11. Function of the Sinuses
Lighten the skull
Act as resonance chambers for speech
Produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity

12. common passageways for air and food
Pharynx (Throat)
Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx
common passageways for air and food

14. Structures of the Pharynx
Eustachian tubes link the nasopharynx to the middle ear.
The Eustachian tubes drain mucus from the middle ear.
Upper respiratory tract infections or allergies can cause the Eustachian tubes to become swollen, trapping fluid, which serves as a growth medium for bacteria, causing ear infections (otitis media)
Oto- = ear; -itis = inflamation; media = middle
Inflamation of the middle ear

15. Ear Wax

16. Structures of the Pharynx
Your tonsils are part of your lymphatic system. They help protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx – these are the ones at the back of your throat that you can see
tonsillitis – inflammation of the tonsils
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

17. Tonsillectomy

18. Larynx (Voice Box) Functions:
1) Routes air and food into proper channels and
2) allows you to produce sound (speech)
Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

19. Structures of the Larynx
Upper opening of the larynx
Directs food to the esophagus and air to the trachea
Made of hyaline cartilage
Commonly called the Adam’s apple

20. Structures of the Larynx, cont’d
Vocal cords
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)
Glottis – opening between vocal cords

21. Trachea (Windpipe) Connects larynx with bronchi
Lined with ciliated mucosa
Cilia beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air to get rid of mucus loaded with dust and other debris
Don’t want this stuff in the lungs
Walls of trachea are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
oles
Right bronchus is wider, shorter, and straighter than left

22. Lungs Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung – two lobes
Right lung – three lobes

24. Coverings of the Lungs
Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity
Visceral (pulmonary) pleura covers the lung surface
Pleural cavity between the pleura filled with pleural fluid to reduce friction

25. Alveoli
Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli in the respiratory membrane

26. Gases move by DIFFUSION
Respiratory Membrane
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Gases move by DIFFUSION

27. Gas Exchange Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by DIFFUSION
Moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the bloodstream
Carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream to the alveoli

28. Alveoli = high concentration of O2 in here; low CO2
Capillary = high concentration of CO2 in here; low O2