1. Wind Energy Basics The Kidwind Project www.kidwind.org

2. Early “Windmill” in Afghanistan (900AD)

5. Jacobs Turbine – 1920 - 1960WinCharger – 1930s – 40s

6. Smith-Putnam Turbine Vermont, 1940's

7. Modern Windmills

8. Orientation Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the orientation of the rotor Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis

9. Wacky Designs out there…

10. Parts of a Wind Turbine

11. KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

12. Types of Electricity Generating Windmills Small (  10 kW) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. small tasks like water pumping) Large (250 kW - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Intermediate (10-250 kW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

13. Wind Turbine Perspective Nacelle 56 tons Tower 3 sections Workers Blade 112’ long KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

14. Large Wind Turbines 450’ base to blade Each blade 112’ Span greater than 747 163+ tons total Foundation 20+ feet deep Rated at 1.5 – 5 megawatt Supply at least 350 homes

15. Yawing – Facing the Wind Active Yaw (medium & large turbines) – Anemometer on nacelle tells controller which way to point rotor into the wind – Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor into wind Passive Yaw (small turbines) – Wind forces alone direct rotor Tail vanes Downwind turbines KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

16. Importance of Wind Speed No other factor is more important to the amount of power available in the wind than the speed of the wind Power is a cubic function of wind speed – V X V X V 20% increase in wind speed means 73% more power Doubling wind speed means 8 times more power KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

17. Lift & Drag Forces The Lift Force is perpendicular to the direction of motion. We want to make this force BIG. The Drag Force is parallel to the direction of motion. We want to make this force small. α = low α = medium <10 degrees α = High Stall!!

18. Airfoil Shape Just like the wings of an airplane, wind turbine blades use the airfoil shape to create lift and maximize efficiency. The Bernoulli Effect

19. Why do windmills need to be high in the sky?? Turbulence and friction decrease higher in the atmosphere. Ideal height is around 100 meters (328 feet) Air flow close to the ground has friction, causing turbulence.

20. Turbulent wind is bad wind Obstacles such as trees and buildings can cause higher areas of turbulence

21. KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

25. Wind Farms

27. Off-Shore Wind Farms

29. Middelgrunden

31. Impacts of Wind Power: Noise Modern turbines are relatively quiet Rule of thumb – stay about 3x hub-height away from houses

32. Where is the wind? Where are the population centers? Where are the wind farms? How do we get wind energy from the wind farms to the population centers? Transmission Problems

33. Wind Turbine Blade Challenge Students perform experiments and design different wind turbine blades Use simple wind turbine models Test one variable while holding others constant Record performance with a multimeter or other load device Goals: Produce the most voltage, pump the most water, lift the most weight –Minimize Drag –Maximize LIFT –Harness the POWER of the wind!

34. The KidWind Project www.kidwind.org

35. Jobs in the Wind Industry

36. Construction

37. Public Relations/Organizing Support KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

38. Operations/M aintenance

39. Maintenance KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org

40. Engineering/ Design

41. Environmental Impact Assessment

42. KidWind Project | www.kidwind.org Wind Power is Fun!