1.  3/10  Put the cards in order (make a timeline of succession).  Then identify the succession as primary or secondary and transfer the answers to your paper.

2.  3/17/14 Acids & Bases  EQ: What are strong & weak acids?  When acids are added to water, what type of ion do they produce? What is the pH range for acids?  When bases are added to water, what type of ion do they produce? What is the pH range for bases?

3.  You will be making a mini-poster of an item from the provided list.  Acids will be done on red paper, bases on blue paper, and neutral (pure water) on white.  On this poster, you need to include: ◦ Name ◦ Drawing ◦ pH level  I will select the best ones from each class to display on a large pH scale for the class.

4.  3/12  Fill in the missing information: Some Useful Definitions Abiotic FactorNon-Living parts of an ecosystem Biotic Factor Living parts of an ecosystem ProducerAn organism that makes its own food by photosynthesis ConsumerAn organism that must eat other organic material to obtain energy DecomposerAn organism that breaks down dead organic matter for food & returns nutrients to the soil AutotrophAn organism that makes its own food Heterotroph An organism that must take in carbon from food sources (cannot make own food) Food ChainA simple illustration of the flow of energy from a producer to higher-level consumers Food WebA system of interconnected food chains showing the flow of energy in an ecosystem EcosystemInteracting organisms and their environment

5.  Set up your paper like the one on the right. Dissociation: Strong Acids Weak Acids Strong Bases Weak Bases

7.  Dissociation occurs when a solute is broken down into positive ions & negative ions (cations & anions)

8.  The strength of an acid or a base is determined by whether or not it dissociates in water.  Some molecules of weak acids dissociate. ◦ a.k.a. partial dissociation  All molecules of strong acids dissociate. ◦ a.k.a. full dissociation

9.  Hydrochloric acid HCl + H 2 O  H 3 O + + Cl -  HCl is a strong acid.  When the HCl is added to water it will break into H + and Cl -.

10.  Acetic acid HC 2 H 3 O 2 + H 2 O  H 3 O + + C 2 H 3 O 2 -  HC 2 H 3 O 2 is a weak acid.  When acetic acid is added to water, most of it stays HC 2 H 3 O 2.

11.  Which solution has more free hydrogen ions? ◦ Answer: Strong acids make more H + ! Dissociating makes acids stronger.

12.  Weak & strong bases follow the same trends as acids.  Some molecules of weak bases dissociate into OH - ions.  All molecules of strong bases dissociate into OH - ions.  More OH - = better base

13. HCl hydrochloric acid strong acid Fully Dissociates

14. HC 2 H 3 O 2 acetic acid weak acid Partially Dissociates

15. NaOH sodium hydroxide strong base Fully Dissociates

16. KOH potassium hydroxide strong base Fully Dissociates

17. HCOOH formic acid weak acid Partially Dissociates

18. H 3 PO 4 phosphoric acid strong acid Fully Dissociates

19. NH 3 ammonia weak base Partially Dissociates

20. C5H5NC5H5N pyridine weak base Partially Dissociates

21. Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide strong base Fully Dissociates

22. HBr hydrobromic acid strong acid Fully Dissociates

23.  Summarize your thoughts.  What is the difference between strong acids & weak acids?  Give one difference and one similarity of a strong acid versus a strong base.

24.  Quiz on Friday! ◦ pH scale ranges for acids and bases ◦ Dissociation of strong and weak acids/bases

25.  3/13 - Heredity: What does Document A say about heredity in peas? Challenge yourself to use as many vocabulary words as you can remember!

26.  3/19/14 Acids & Bases  EQ: What are conjugate acids & bases?  Draw a strong base dissociating in water.  Draw a weak acid dissociating in water.

27. AcidsBases

28.  Arrehenius acids always contain H+ at the beginning of the formula. ◦ Ex. HCl, H 2 SO 4  Arrehenius bases always contain OH- at the end of the formula. ◦ Ex. NaOH, KOH

29.  A Brønsted-Lowry acid donates H + in aqueous solutions.  A Brønsted-Lowry base accepts H + in aqueous solutions.  Acids & bases are B.A.A.D.  This rule ONLY APPLIES to the original acids and bases…not the conjugates. Look at this rule as the “potential to donate or accept.”

31. Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A World of Choices 1999, page 280 HCl Conjugate base Acid Conjugate pair + 1- Cl H

32. HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - acidbase acid conjugates HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - acid base CA CB Hydronium ion form when H+ connects to H 2 O

33. NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - baseacid base conjugates base acid CA CB NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH -

34. NH 4 + + H 2 O NH 3 + H 3 O + acid base conjugates acid base CB CA NH 4 + + H 2 O NH 3 + H 3 O +

35. base acid CA CB NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - Amphoteric substances Amphoteric substances: Substances which can act as either proton donors (acids) or proton acceptors (bases). HCl + H 2 O H 3 O + + Cl - acid base CA CB

36. 1- + + 1+ sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 water H2OH2O hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 - hydronium ion H3O+H3O+ (HSO 4 - as a base) A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

37. 1- + hydrogen sulfate ion HSO 4 - hydroxide ion OH - 1- + sulfate ion SO 4 2- water H2OH2O 2- (HSO 4 - as an acid)

38.  Practice identifying the acid, base, CA, and CB for the four equations provided.  Identify the conjugate acid for the base provided.  Identify the conjugate base for the acid provided.

39. In one minute or less, find a partner.  Complete the Acid and Base Venn Diagram.  The first three groups to successfully complete the diagram will win a prize.

41.  Quiz TOMORROW!!!  Test Next Week!!!!!! (Wed or Thurs)

42. 3/14 (This will be today’s catalyst stamp) http://tinyurl.com/cdivisionhttp://tinyurl.com/cdivision. Username: summerour Password: summerour

43. NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH - baseacid base conjugates base acid CA CB NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4 + + OH -

44.  Practice identifying the acid, base, CA, and CB for the four equations provided.  Identify the conjugate acid for the base provided.  Identify the conjugate base for the acid provided.

45. 2 H 2 O  OH − + H 3 O +  In pure water, there is an equal number of hydroxide and hydronium ions so it has a neutral pH of 7. A pH value less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH value more than 7 indicates a basic solution. (Note that this is only true at 25 °C, as the equilibrium is temperature dependent).

46.  Add the following to the back of your notes from two days ago with the chart on dissociation.

47.  pH + pOH = 14 ◦ Ex. pH = 4 ◦ Subtract 14 – 4 to get the pOH. So the pOH = 10. ◦ You try! Determine the pOH or pH of the following and write it on your paper.  1. pH = 6  2. pH = 8  3. pOH = 1  4. pOH = 10.5

48.  What happens when an acid and a base is mixed?  Neutralization can be achieved by means of a titration.  Both H+ and OH- are mixed to form HOH or water (H 2 O)  The other ions form a salt.  When water is formed with a salt, this is known as neutralization. ◦ Ex: acid reflux medication

49.  Where have you heard of the word electrolytes?  Perhaps, in exercising? ◦ Gatorade ◦ Powerade

50.  Electrolytes are substances that become ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity.  The stronger the acid or base, the more dissociation, therefore, the more the ions.  A high ion concentration indicates a high electrolyte level.

51.  With the remaining class time, fill out as many answers as you know without the help of others.  If you get the answer from another person, you must write their name. Try not to use the same person more than once!

52.  3/17  Use the document provided to brainstorm words and phrases for the subject of DNA and protein synthesis.  In 2-3 sentences, describe what is represented in each part of the diagram.

53.  Pull out a piece of notebook paper and number to 10.

54. Label the following as acid, base, or neutral. 1. pepsi, pH 4 2. milk of magnesia, pH 9 3. distilled water, pH 7 4. Which acid is stronger, pH 1 or pH 5? 5. Which base is stronger, pH 8 or pH 13?

55. List the following as either acid or base. 6. H 3 O+ ions are produced when added to water. 7. OH- ions are produced when added to water. 8. Foods containing this substance taste sour. List the following as either fully dissociates or partially dissociates. 9. HCl, strong acid 10. NH 3, weak base BONUS (5pts): What is the H 3 O+ ion called, and how is it formed?

56. pH = - log [H+] (Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity) Example: If [H + ] = 1 X 10 -10 pH = - log 1 X 10 -10 pH = - (- 10) pH = 10, so the pOH would be 4. So in other words, the exponent is your pH for a base of 1.

57.  http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/acid -base-solutions http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/acid -base-solutions

58.  Instructions:  With your partner, you will play concentration with the provided cards.  You must correctly identify each match as an acid or base.  Ex: pH = 4  Match = [H+] = 1x 10 -4 M pOH = 11 [OH-] = 1x10 -11

59.  3/18  http://tinyurl.com/cellrespbrainpophttp://tinyurl.com/cellrespbrainpop

60. 2 H 2 O  OH − + H 3 O +  In pure water, there is an equal number of hydroxide and hydronium ions so it has a neutral pH of 7. A pH value less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, and a pH value more than 7 indicates a basic solution. (Note that this is only true at 25 °C, as the equilibrium is temperature dependent).