1. Writing introduction and conclusion Yodi Mahendradhata Writing introduction and conclusion Yodi Mahendradhata

2. Writing the introduction

3. Possible structure: C-P-R Context – Study context – State-of-the-art – Brief Problem. – Why the reader needs to read further – Generic statements "So far no-one has investigated the link..." "The above-mentioned solutions don't apply to the case...“

4. Possible structure: C-P-R Response – Highlight study contribution – Highlight novel aspects – Highlight differences with previous studies

5. ICMJE Recommendation Provide a context or background for the study (that is, the nature of the problem and its significance). State the specific purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested by, the study or observation. Cite only directly pertinent references, and do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported.

6. Other reporting guidelines CONSORT – Scientific background and explanation of rationale – Specific objectives or hypotheses STROBE – Explain the scientific background and rationale for the investigation being reported – State specific objectives, including any prespecified hypotheses

7. Structure recommended by Nature* ContextNeedTaskObject *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

8. Setting the context Write the context in a way that appeals to a broad range of readers and leads into the need. Provide only what will help readers better understand the need and, especially, its importance. Anchor the context in time, using phrases such as recently, in the past 10 years, or since the early 1990s. Anchor your context in space (either geographically or within a given research field). *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

9. Describing the need* Convey the need for the work as an opposition between actual and desired situations. Start by stating the actual situation (what we have) as a direct continuation of the context. Next, state the desired situation (what we want). Emphasize the contrast between the actual and desired situations with such words as but, however, or unfortunately. *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

10. Clarifying the tasks* Statement of what the authors have done Clarifies your contribution as a scientist *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

11. Writing the tasks* use whoever did the work (normally, you and your colleagues) as the subject of the sentence: we or perhaps the authors; use a verb expressing a research action: measured, calculated, etc.; set that verb in the past tense *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

12. Writing the tasks (examples)* “To confirm this assumption, we studied the effects of a range of inhibitors of connexin channels, such as the connexin mimetic peptides Gap26 and Gap27 and anti-peptide antibodies, on calcium signaling in cardiac cells and HeLa cells expressing connexins.“ “During controlled experiments, we investigated the influence of the HMP boundary conditions on liver flows.“ *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

13. Expressing scientific tasks* AssessWe assessed the effects of larger doses of....... CalculateWe calculated the..... CompareWe compared the effects of..... to those of...... DeriveWe derived a new set of rules for...... DetermineWe determined the complete nucleotide sequence of...... DevelopWe developed a new algorithm to...... EvaluateWe evaluated the efficacy of....... ExploreWe explored the relationship between...... InvestigatedWe investigated the behaviours of....... MeasureWe measured the concentration of..... *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

14. Emphasizing the object What the paper itself attempts or covers (the object of the document Prepares readers for the structure of the paper, thus allowing focused or selective reading

15. Writing the object* use the document itself as the subject of the sentence: this paper, this letter, etc.; use a verb expressing a communication action: presents, summarizes, etc.; set the verb in the present tense. *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

16. Writing the object (examples)* “This paper clarifies the role of CxHc on calcium oscillations in neonatal cardiac myocytes and calcium transients induced by ATP in HL-cells originated from cardiac atrium and in HeLa cells expressing connexin 43 or 26.“ “This paper presents the flow effects induced by increasing the hepatic-artery pressure and by obstructing the vena cava inferior.“ *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

17. Expressing the object* ClarifyThis paper clarifies the role of..... DescribeThis paper describes the mechanisms by which..... DiscussThis paper discusses the influence of acidity...... ExplainThis paper explains how the new algorithm..... OfferThis paper offers four recommendations for.... PresentThis paper present the results of....... ProposesThis paper proposes a set of guidelines for..... ProvideThis paper provides a theoretical framework..... ReportThis paper reports on....... SummarizeThis paper summarizes our results for 27 patients...... *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

18. Don‘t forget.... Be aware of who will be reading your manuscript and make sure the Introduction is directed to that audience* *Source: San Fransisco Edit

19. Writing the conclusion

20. Many medical journals do not have conclusion section

21. ICMJE recommendation Link the conclusions with the goals of the study but avoid unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately supported by the data

22. Practical tips* State the most important outcome of your work. Interpret your findings at a higher level of abstraction. Show whether, or to what extent, you have succeeded in addressing the need stated in the Introduction. *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

23. Practical tips* Show what your findings mean to readers. Make the Conclusion interesting and memorable for them. Consider including an idea of what could or should still be done *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

24. Do not....* Do not rewrite the abstract. Statements with “investigated” or “studied” are not conclusions. Do not introduce new arguments, evidence, new ideas, or information unrelated to the topic. Do not apologize for doing a poor job of presenting the material. Do not include evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper. *Source: San Fransisco Edit

25. Do not be afraid to write a short conclusion section! If you can conclude in just a few sentences given the rich discussion in the body of the paper, then do so... *Ref: Nature Scitable (2014)

26. Ineffective conclusions The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion. The "Sherlock Holmes" Conclusion. The “Change we can" Conclusion. The "Grab Bag" Conclusion.