1. HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Objective: to discuss the advances in medicine from the early beginning until the present time.

2. EARLY BEGINNINGS: Primitive humans believed
disease caused by evil spirits
tribal doctors/priest did exorcism
4000 BC-3000 BC
Boring a hole in the skull used to treat
insanity, epilepsy, headache
Average life span 20 yrs

3. EARLY BEGINNINGS: Herbs and plants were used as medicine:
Digitalis from the foxglove, strengthen & slow heartbeat
Quinine from bark of cinchona tree for fever, muscle spasms
Belladonna & atropine from nightshade plant, relieve muscle spasms
Morphine from opium poppy relieves severe pain

4. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES:
Egyptians –3000 BC-300 BC
first kept accurate records, used medicines
splinted fractures
Physicians were priest who studied medicine & surgery in the temple
Used bloodletting and leeches
Used magic & medicinal plants to treat
Average life span was yrs

5. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Ancient Chinese-1700 BC-220 AD
Religion prohibited body dissection
Carefully monitored the pulse
Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medicines based on herbs
Treated the whole body by curing spirit & nourishing the body
Began to search for the cause of disease
Used acupuncture to relieve pain
Average life span yrs

6. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Ancient Greeks-1200 BC-200 BC
Biochemist Alcmaeon in 6th century BC identified the brain as the site of senses
Hippocrates ( BC) called the “Father of Medicine” for developing organized method to observe human body; recorded signs & symptoms of diseases; created standard of ethics, the oath used by physicians today

7. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Aristotle ( BC) dissected animals & founded comparative anatomy
Used therapies such as massage, art & herbal treatments still used today
Stressed diet & cleanliness to prevent disease
Average life span yrs

8. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES:
Ancient Romans-753 BC-410 AD
First to organize medical care for soldiers
Began public health & sanitation systems
Created aqueducts for clean water
Built sewers to carry waste away
Used filtering systems in public baths
Drained marshes to reduce malaria

9. Medicine in Ancient Rome:
Claudius Galen- a physician, established body regulated by four fluids & that imbalance caused illness
Described symptoms of inflammation & infectious diseases
Dissected animals to determine muscle, kidney and bladder function
Diet, exercise, & meds used to treat disease
Average life span yrs

10. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Dark ages AD emphasis on saving soul & study of medicine banned
Monks & priest provided custodial care for sick
Prayer & divine intervention used
Medications herbal mixes
Average life span yrs

11. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES MIDDLE AGES:
Arab physicians used chemistry to advance pharmacology
Al-Razi, is known as Arab Hippocrates:
Distinguished between smallpox & measles in 910 AD
Suggested blood caused infectious disease
Began use of animal gut for suture

12. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES,MIDDLE AGES
Arabs began physicians’ exams & licenses
Avenzoar, a physician, described parasite causing scabies in 12th century
Average life span yrs

13. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT TIMES
Middle ages A.D, pandemic plague (worldwide epidemic) killed
¾ of Europe & Asia’s population
Physicians began study at Universities
Renewed interest in Greek & Roman medicine
Major diseases were: smallpox, plague, TB, Diphtheria, typhoid, & malaria
Average age yrs

14. THE RENAISSANCE 1350-1650 A.D. Universities & medical schools built
Search for new ideas
Body dissection for study accepted
Printing press developed, access to books

15. THE RENAISSANCE A.D.
Artist Leonardo da Vinci used dissection to draw realistic human bodies
Andreas Vesalius published
first anatomy book
Isaac Judaeus wrote first dietetics book
Michael Servetus ( : described
Circulatory system in lungs & explained how
digestion is a source of heat for the body

16. THE RENAISSANCE A.D.
Roger Bacon( ) promoted chemical remedies to treat disease & researched optics & refraction
Average life span yrs

17. SIXTEENTH & SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
William Harvey described circulation of blood & pumping of the heart
Gabriele Fallopius discovered
fallopian tubes & tympanic membrane in the ear
Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in 1666
Bartolomeo Eustachio identified tube leading from the ear to the throat

18. SIXTEENTH & SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
Ambroise Pare ( )Father of Modern Surgery:
Established use of ligatures to bind arteries & stop bleeding
Improved treatment of fractures& promoted use of artificial limbs
Apothecaries made, prescribes, & sold medications
Average life span yrs

19. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Gabriel Fahrenheit created first thermometer 1714
John Hunter established surgical procedures
Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
Edward Jenner developed vaccination for
smallpox 1795
Joseph Priestley discovered
the element Oxygen1774

20. NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Ignaz Semmelweis found that hand washing prevented infection
Louis Pasteur discovered that micro-organisms were everywhere & invented pasteurization for milk

21. NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH CENTURIES:
Joseph Lister first used antiseptic for surgery to prevent wound infection
Ernst von Bergmann developed asepsis,a method of keeping germs out of wounds before & during surgery

22. NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Robert Koch, father of microbiology, discovered many disease causing organisms
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-Rays in 1895
Paul Ehrich discovered that chemicals could treat diseases
Gerhard Domagk discovered sulfa drugs the first to kill bacteria

23. NINETEENTH & TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Russian, Dmitri Ivanovski, discovered viruses
Sigmund Freud discovered the conscious & unconscious minds
Alexander Fleming found penicillin killed bacteria
Jonas Salk discovered the dead polio vaccine
Albert Sabin used the live polio virus vaccine

24. ADVANCEMENT IN NURSING
Florence Nightingale 1860 established school of nursing and raised the standard of care for pts.
Clara Barton established the Red Cross after her nursing experience in American Civil War
Lillian Wald established nursing visits to homes of patients, later to become Visiting Nursing Service.

25. Trends in Health Care: Cost Containment Wellness Home Health Care
Geriatric Care
Telemedicine
Complementary/alternative methods
National Healthcare

26. Complementary & Alternative Therapies
Acupuncture..inserting needles at specific points to balance the flow of energy
Aromatherapy..use of selected fragrances to alter mood
Biofeedback..teaching relaxation methods to gain voluntary control
Hydrotherapy..use of water to improve healing process

27. Advancements in Healthcare
Possibility of eliminating disease thru genetic research
Organ transplantation
Reattachment of severed body parts
Computers in research,diagnosis, record keeping
Non-invasive diagnosis
Caring for unborn fetus
Geriatric medicine

28. QUESTIONS IN MEDICAL ETHICS
How will organ donors be chosen?
Who will be allowed to receive experimental drugs?
How will in vitro embryos be ethically managed?
Does a terminally ill pt have a right to die by assisted death?
Is it ethical to maintain HIV status confidentiality?

29. WHAT IS YOUR PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE?