2.  We are going to start today by doing a little “star-searching.” Read your horoscope for today independently. Answer the following in your notebook: 1. How much value do you give to astrology? 2. How is your horoscope appropriate or inappropriate for your life at this moment?

3.  The concept we have demonstrated here is…  confirmation bias!

4.  1. Psychology is broad with many specialties, but is defined as the SCIENTIFIC study of behavior and mental processes  2. Modern psychology developed from conflicting traditions.  3. Psychology today has nine perspectives.

5.  Psychology= “psyche” (mind) + “ology”(field of study) Greeks: “study of the mind” - believed mind and body to be separate

6.  Subliminal messages, handwriting analysis, etc. are all fake psychology, or pseudopsychology  Confirmation bias- tendency to pay attention to evidence that reinforces our beliefs and to ignore evidence that goes against it

7.  Includes mental processes and behaviors  Empirical approach- study conducted with scientific research and observation

9.  Experimental psychologists- research psychologists who do studies in psychology  Teachers of psychology- overlaps with experimental; do not have to do research  Applied psychologists- use experimental psychologists’ findings to solve problems

10.  1. I/O: Industrial/ Organizational: work to increase workers’ productivity, etc.  2. Sports: work with athletes to boost performance.  3. Engineering: work with people and equipment (private industry or government)  4. School: work in problems of teaching and learning

11.  5. Rehabilitation: serve with team of medical staff for those with physical and mental disorders  6. Clinical and counseling: work with those with social and emotional adjustment problems

12.  Psychiatry: medical specialty, not part of psychology!  M.D., not a Ph.D.

13.  First: Greek philosophers (Plato and Aristotle)  Plato: quest for knowledge  Aristotle: empiricism -sensation, perception, cognition, ethics Humor me: belief that balance of “humors” caused emotions

14.  Descartes: nervous system caused sensations and behaviors  Still 200 years until psychology emerged -Mid-1800s: Charles Darwin likened animals and humans (On the Origin of Species) -Elementary, my dear Watson: periodic table invented

15.  Tried to understand elements of consciousness  Became known as structuralism- focused on looking at structures (or components) of mind  Used introspection- subjects response to simple stimuli with a lever or description of experience  Founded first formal lab devoted to experimental psychology in 1879

16.  Critics: How can you forget about the environment? Isn’t introspection too subjective?  William James: functionalism- mental processes are best understood in terms of purpose and adaptation (ironically evolved from Darwin)  Founder of applied psychology (outside of lab conditions)

17.  Gestalt psychology- opposite of structuralists; studied perception as wholes  Structuralists= parts  Gestalt= wholes  Wertheimer: visual illusions  Köhler: insight learning (lightbulb, “aha” experiences)  Related to “Sensation and Perception”

18.  With a partner seated next to you (or a group of 3), solve the puzzle such that both riders are sitting on the back of the two horses.  You may not fold the paper or overlap the horses’ silhouettes!  Good luck!

19.  Why is it so difficult to solve this puzzle?  Gestalt psychology and our perceptual biases! - We tend to perceive things as wholes, rather than to break them apart into parts. - We also have a perceptual schema (Vocab Ch. 4) that makes it difficult to understand that human beings can be sideways. Blame gravity, I suppose.

20.  Founder: John B. Watson  Behaviorism- school of thought (and modern perspective) that sees psychology as an objective science focused on behavior

21.  Sigmund Freud  Psychoanalysis- disorders arise from the unconscious mind (items we are not aware of)

23.  1. We do not just sense things; we also add meaning to them- sensation. Perception of reality is more important then reality. It is what we experience.  2. Metaphor for perspectives: no correct way to see cube and no correct way to see psychology

24. ViewPsychological change is caused by… Key figures BiologicalGenes, brain and nervous system, and endocrine system Darwin DevelopmentalAn interaction between our genes and environment Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg CognitiveThe way we process information from our environment Piaget, Vygotsky Psychodynamic (includes clinical view) Irrational desires in our unconscious mind Freud, Jung, and Horney Humanistic (includes clinical view) Our self-concept and need for personal growth and fulfillment Maslow, Rogers BehavioralEnvironmental stimuli, rather than inner processes Watson, Skinner, Thorndike, Pavlov SocioculturalSocial interaction, learning, and culture EvolutionaryNatural selectionDarwin TraitUnderlying patterns and traitsAllport, Cattell

25.  G. Stanley Hall- first U.S. Ph.D.; founded APA and its first president  Mary Whiton Calkins- 1 st woman APA President  Margaret Floy Washburn- first woman to receive Ph.D. in psychology