3. A. What is Blood? Blood is the tissue of transport in your body Humans have ~ 4-6 liters of blood

4. Function: What does it Do? It carries needed materials (O 2 ) to the cells and also carries waste materials away from the cells

5. C. What is Blood made of? Blood is made up of two things! –Plasma –Blood Cells Blood is both liquid (Plasma) and solid (blood cells)

6. PLASMA 1. Plasma – –90% water

7. There are 3 kinds of Blood Cells: Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Platelets

9. Red Blood Cells Disk-shaped Contain a Red substance called Hemoglobin (gives blood it’s color) Carries oxygen to all parts of the body Removes carbon dioxide waste made by the cells

12. White Blood Cells Warrior cells – they fight disease and infection “Patrol” for invaders and engulf foreign and harmful germs in the body (phagocytosis) Whenever a germ or infection enters the body, the WBC’s race towards the scene of the crime

13. Platelets Give off a chemical that helps blood to clot and therefore stops bleeding

14. Fibrin

15. How do I get a Blood Type? Genes (inherited factors) are responsible for the characteristics of an organism The child gets one gene from each parent for blood type.

16. Blood Types Each human has one of Four major blood types: A B AB O These types are based on the antigens present on the surface of Red Blood Cells

17. What are Antigens? Antigens are proteins and include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs. When a foreign substance is detected an antibody is produced to mark and attack it.

18. Failure of ________ homeostasis

19. Failure of Foreign invaders or Organisms known as _______ pathogens

20. Failure of 1. ______________ Virus Examples: Cold Flu AIDS Chick pox

21. The Flu Virus

23. Failure of 2. ______________ bacteria Examples: Strep throat Syphilis Food poisoning

25. What is Immunity? A. The body’s primary __________ against disease causing agents defense

26. Immune System B. Our immune system can tell the difference between our _________ and ____________ “self” “non-self”

27. Pathogens, foreign substances, or cancer cells can be identified by molecules on their outside surface called ________________ antigens

28. on the outer surface of the membrane receptor molecules Cells communicate through the use of

29. Receptor molecules

30. Receptor molecule

31. Receptor molecule hormone

32. Antibodies Antigens stimulate The production of ______________& _________________ White blood cells

33. White Blood Cell with RBC’s

34. White Blood Cells General Attackers If an antigen does make its way into your body, the WBC’s find __________, __________ and _______ that foreign microbe find attack kill

36. Antibodies: Specific Attackers Antibodies are a type of _______molecule with a__________ shape protein specific

37. Antibodies They either _____________ an invader (pathogen) Or ______________ them to be destroyed attack mark

38. Antibodies Antibodies fit onto the ___________of the invader like a key fits into a lock. antigen

40. Note in Notes: Lymph nodes Lymph nodes are like fighting arenas because battles occur there. They are found throughout the body: neck, armpits, and groin. A swollen gland is a sign that a battle is raging in the lymph node.

41. A transplanted organ is foreign to the body

42. The body sees it as an antigen and sends antibodies to destroy it

44. There are 2 types of Immunity: 1. Active Immunity 2. Passive Immunity

45. There are 2 ways to acquire Active immunity: a. You have already produced _____________ from a previous exposure b. You are given a _______________ antibodies vaccine

46. How do we make a vaccine? c. Vaccines are dead or weakened _________ that are injected into the body antigens

47. How do we make a vaccine? First a piece of the virus is killed or weakened. Then some is injected into the body. Your body recognizes this as foreign and creates antibodies against it for the future. You do not get sick from a vaccine.

48. Vaccines The immune system forms ____________ Antibodies which fight the pathogen (antigens) and remain inside the body for protection against future attacks

51. Passive a. transferred antibodies from person to person Ex: nursing infants, blood transfusions Provides short-term immunity

55. HIV – is a ________ that causes AIDS virus

56. How HIV works: HIV has a special shape on its surface which fits perfectly into a shape on the ____________ T-Cell

57. HIV is passed from one person to another through: Sex (body fluids) Sharing needles Using contaminated blood Mother’s milk

58. HIV The virus travels through the bloodstream to many different places in the body It attacks the T-Cells which coordinate the immune response

59. Sometimes, your Immune System makes a mistake, and starts attacking the wrong thing! Two examples are: _________________ _________________ Allergies Arthritis

60. What is an Allergy? An allergy is when the immune system responds to a harmless substance called an _______________ allergen

61. What is an Allergy? Examples of allergens are pollen, dust, molds and animal dander

62. Pollen Grain

63. Histamine The immune system in people with allergies release a chemical called a ____________________

64. Histamine This results in sneezing, a runny or congested nose, watering eyes, and itchy eyes, nose and throat.

65. _____________ block the release of histamine, providing relief of symptoms. Antihistamines