2. Solid Formed in Nature Inorganic (never living) definite atomic structure definite composition of elements There are over 4000 minerals on Earth!!!

3. 1. Elemental- Made of only one element Examples:Gold (Au), Silver (Ag) 2. Compound- made of combo of elements Examples: Salt (NaCl), Galena (PbS)

4. Cooling of Magma- Minerals will begin to cool and crystallize at different temperatures and pressures. From evaporated water solutions- formation of salt From Precipitated Solution- when a solution becomes saturated with a dissolved mineral, mineral will begin to form Playas are temporary shallow lakes that fill with water after rain storms and then evaporate.

5. 98% of minerals are made of the following elements: Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium Silicates- Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen. Most abundant mineral group.

6. Crystal- a solid in which atoms are arranged in repeated patterns 6 Crystal Systems of minerals

7. Sodium and Chlorine atoms are arranged in a repeated cubic shape

8. 1. Color- unreliable, but needed 2. Luster- how a mineral reflects light Metallic- it looks like a metal object Non-Metallic- does not shine like metal transparent/translucent (can see through) vitreous dull/earthy

9. 3. Cleavage/Fracture Cleavage- mineral breaks along smooth, flat surfaces 1 plane- like sheets of paper 2 planes- 4 smooth sides, 2 are rough 3 planes- all sides are smooth Fracture- mineral breaks with rough and jagged edges

10. 4. Hardness- a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched Mohs Scale of Hardness Fingernail- 2.5 Penny- 3.5 Nail- 4.5 glass- 6.5 Streak Plate- 7 Softest hardest

11. 5. Streak test- color of a mineral’s powder on a piece of porcelain 6. Special Properties magnetic fizzes with acid double refraction

12. Minerals are valuable as gems or ores. Gems- Highly prized and valuable because they are rare and beautiful Ex. Diamonds, rubies, emeralds Ores- a mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for a profit.

14. Of the 15 minerals used in the lab, find out what they are used for and the specific uses they have in your house. Example- Copper: used in pipes, gutters, wire, cooking utensils, jewelry. Copper is used in the wiring that connects my stereo speakers to the receiver.

15. Surface mining- Clearing away layer of rock to expose minerals of value.

17. Mineral deposits too deep to be surface mined.