1. Are you in the right place?

2. syntaxLG514 Welcome to syntax for LG514

3. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510 Welcome to syntax for LG510

4. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514

5. Are you in the right place?

6. syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514 Andrew Radford I am Andrew Radford

7. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514 Andrew Radford I am Andrew Radford Mission Impossible Mission Impossible:

8. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514 Andrew Radford I am Andrew Radford Mission Impossible Mission Impossible: syntaxto teach you syntax in a few weeks

9. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514 Andrew Radford I am Andrew Radford Mission Impossible Mission Impossible: syntaxto teach you syntax in a few weeks Typical student reaction Typical student reaction:

10. Are you in the right place? syntaxLG510/514 Welcome to syntax for LG510/514 Andrew Radford I am Andrew Radford Mission Impossible Mission Impossible: syntaxto teach you syntax in a few weeks Typical student reaction Typical student reaction: ‘This is the hard thing I do in my life’

11. Course website Course website …/lg510 http://courses.essex.ac.uk/lg/lg514 The course website contains the following materials for you to download course descriptioncourse description coursebook (LG510 students do chapters 1-6; LG514 students do chapters 1-9)coursebook (LG510 students do chapters 1-6; LG514 students do chapters 1-9) lecture materialslecture materials (i.e. I will put copies of my Powerpoint transparencies on the site after I finish my lecture each week)

12. What I will do this week 5 course materials Tell you about the course materials keys points of chapter 1 Summarise keys points of chapter 1 of the coursebook exercise material Analyse some of the exercise material in chapter 1

13. Preparing for classes Preparing for classes 6 next week Each week (from next week) you should textRead the text of the appropriate chapter of your coursebook in advance of the lecture (chapter 2 before week 3, chapter 3 before week 4 etc.) exercise examples (w)Prepare analyses of the exercise examples designated as part of your work programme: these are marked with (w) your analysesBring your analyses to the lecture so you can compare your solutions with mine

14. A typical exercise A typical exercise 7 Exercise 2.1 Exercise 2.1 Discuss the structure of the following sentences: 1 He has become very fond of Mary 2 She must be quite pleased to see you (w) 3 He will need to ask for help (w) (w) 4 They are expecting to hear from you (w) 5… (etc.)

15. Why is the course exercise-based? Why is the course exercise-based? 8 exercisesBecause most students have more problems with the exercises than with the main text in each chapter problem-solvingAnd because students say in questionnaires that they don’t get enough practice in problem-solving

16. Other Points Other Points 9 assignmentDetails of the assignment are given in the course description summarise exercise examplesWhat I’ll do for the rest of this lecture is summarise the text of chapter 1, and (after the break) go on to analyse specific exercise examples from chapter 1 LG510weeks 2-7LG510 students attend weeks 2-7 LG514weeks 2-10LG514 students attend weeks 2-10 queries gioann@essex.ac.ukIf you have any queries, or are lost or want help with your assignment, e-mail Georgios Ioannou, gioann@essex.ac.uk

17. Chomsky’s approach to grammar Chomsky’s approach to grammar 10 know… involves studying what native speakers know about the grammar of their language which makes them fluent in it grammatical competenceI-languageIn other words, it involves studying their grammatical competence or I-language internalised language (i.e. internalised knowledge of the grammar of the language)

18. Goal of Linguistics Goal of Linguistics 13 UG/Universal Grammardevelop theory of UG/Universal Grammar which identifies defining properties of all natural languages and satisfies criteria of: UniversalityUniversality ExplanatorinessExplanatoriness LearnabilityLearnability SimplicitySimplicity

19. Goal of Linguistics Goal of Linguistics 13 UG/Universal Grammardevelop theory of UG/Universal Grammar which identifies defining properties of all natural languages and satisfies criteria of: UniversalityUniversality ExplanatorinessExplanatoriness LearnabilityLearnability SimplicitySimplicity (Minimalism)

20. Chomsky’s model of grammar 16

21. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon

22. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax

23. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure

24. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure

25. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component

26. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component PF component

27. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component PF component semantic representation

28. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component PF component semantic representation PF representation

29. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component PF component semantic representation PF representation ≈ thought systems

30. Chomsky’s model of grammar Chomsky’s model of grammar 18 Lexicon + Syntax syntactic structure semantic component PF component semantic representation PF representation ≈ ≈ thought systems speech systems

31. Language Acquisition Language Acquisition 19

32. Experience of Language L

33. Language Acquisition Language Acquisition 19 Experience of Language L Innate Language Faculty

34. Language Acquisition Language Acquisition 19 Experience of Language L Innate Language Faculty Grammar of L

35. Why innate language faculty? Why innate language faculty? 23 species-specificityspecies-specificity of language involuntarinessinvoluntariness of acquisition critical periodcritical period (puberty) rapidity and uniformityrapidity and uniformity of acquisition - e.g. 1;0 Apple 1;6 Eating apple 2;0 Me eating apple 2;6 I’m eating an apple

36. Explaining rapidity of acquisition Explaining rapidity of acquisition 25 Q: Why is acquisition so rapid? A: Many aspects of language are universal (determined by innate principles of UG), so don’t have to be learned Q: How can we discover UG principles? A: By detailed analysis of any construction in any language - eg. questions in English

37. English wh-questions English wh-questions 28 someonesomething He had said someone would do something had 1 who 1 would 2 what 2 1. He had 1 said who 1 would 2 do what 2 ? Who 1 would 2 2. *Who 1 would 2 he had said do what? What 2 would 2 3. *What 2 would 2 he had said who do? Who 1 had 1 4. Who 1 had 1 he said would do what? Move closest AUX and closest WH < LOCALITY PRINCIPLE < LOCALITY PRINCIPLE local Grammatical operations are local

38. Language variation Language variation 31 Not all aspects of language are universal parametersLanguages vary in respect of their syntax along a number of parameters – e.g. WH-PARAMETERWH-PARAMETER What English: What do you think he will say? shenme Chinese: Ni xiangxin ta hui shuo shenme? wh-movementEnglish is a wh-movement language wh-in-situChinese is a wh-in-situ language

39. HEAD POSITION PARAMETER HEAD POSITION PARAMETER 33 CloseEnglish: Close the door! dadara closeKorean: Muneul door dadara close ! head-firstEnglish is a head-first language head-lastKorean is a head-last language

40. NULL SUBJECT PARAMETER PRO-DROP PARAMETER NULL SUBJECT PARAMETER (aka PRO-DROP PARAMETER) 36

41. What children acquiring a language L do and don’t have to learn What children acquiring a language L do and don’t have to learn 39 don’t universal Locality PrincipleChildren don’t have to learn universal aspects of syntax (e.g. Locality Principle) doparametrizedChildren do have to learn parametrized aspects of syntax, e.g. wh-movement Is L a wh-movement language or not? head-first Is L is a head-first language or not? null subject Is L is a null subject language or not? parameter-settingChildren’s syntactic learning task is that of parameter-setting

42. Very Early Parameter Setting 42 Since setting parameters requires little evidence, children to set them correctly at a very early stage (Wexler 1998) HEAD POSITION PARAMETERHEAD POSITION PARAMETER: Jem 1;8 Touch heads. Cuddle book. Want crayon On Mummy. To lady. With potty. In school WH PARAMETERWH PARAMETER (Bellugi & Klima 1966) What doing? Where going?

43. Principles-and-Parameters Theory Summary Principles-and-Parameters Theory Summary 45 UG principlesMany aspects of grammar are based on UG principles innately wired into the brain These don’t have to be learned by children parametersOthers vary along parameters (wh-parameter, null subject parameter, head position parameter) setChildren have to learn to set each parameter at the right value. rapidParameter-setting requires little evidence, so is a rapid process. Children correctly set parameters at the correct value by two years of age.

44. How to amuse yourself in the break How to amuse yourself in the break 47 attendance sheet Please fill in the attendance sheet which I am about to circulate 10 minutes We start again in 10 minutes

45. Exercise 1.1 5 Shakespeare This exercise involves analysing a set of sentences from (Will the Quill) Shakespeare head-firstHead Position Parameter Elizabethan English (like present-day English) had a head-first setting for the Head Position Parameter, and so normally positioned all heads immediately before their complements canonical/basic/underlying fronting/preposing wordsphrases But a series of different movement operations could mask this canonical/basic/underlying word order by fronting/preposing a variety of words or phrases (i.e. moving them to the front of the phrase/clause/sentence containing them)

46. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 6

47. head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English

48. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 6 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English that What is the complement of that?

49. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 6 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English that What is the complement of that? we have seen better daysThe expression we have seen better days

50. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 6 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English that What is the complement of that? we have seen better daysThe expression we have seen better days that seen better days? Does that immediately precede its complement seen better days?

51. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 6 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English that What is the complement of that? we have seen better daysThe expression we have seen better days that seen better days? Does that immediately precede its complement seen better days? YesYes

52. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 7 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English

53. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 7 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English have What is the complement of have?

54. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 7 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English have What is the complement of have? seen better daysThe expression seen better days

55. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 7 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English have What is the complement of have? seen better daysThe expression seen better days have seen better days? Does have immediately precede its complement seen better days?

56. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 7 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English have What is the complement of have? seen better daysThe expression seen better days have seen better days? Does have immediately precede its complement seen better days? YesYes

57. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English

58. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English seen What is the complement of seen?

59. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English seen What is the complement of seen? better daysThe expression better days

60. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English seen What is the complement of seen? better daysThe expression better days seen better days? Does seen immediately precede its complement better days?

61. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHeadPosition Parameter/HPP Testing the head-first setting of Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English seen What is the complement of seen? better daysThe expression better days seen better days? Does seen immediately precede its complement better days? YesYes

62. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 8 head-firstHead Position Parameter/HPP Evidence for the head-first setting of the Head Position Parameter/HPP in Elizabethan English comes from the fact that that we have seen better daysComplementiser that immediately precedes its complement we have seen better days have seen better daysAuxiliary have immediately precedes its complement seen better days seen better daysVerb seen immediately precedes its complement better days

63. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 9 HPP But if all heads immediately preceded their complements in the sentence in accordance with head-first setting of HPP, we would expect

64. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 9 HPP But if all heads immediately preceded their complements in the sentence in accordance with head-first setting of HPP, we would expect It is true that we have seen better days

65. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 9 HPP But if all heads immediately preceded their complements in the sentence in accordance with head-first setting of HPP, we would expect It is true that we have seen better days in which

66. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 10 HPP But if all heads immediately preceded their complements in the sentence in accordance with head-first setting of HPP, we would expect true that we have seen better days It is true that we have seen better days in which true that we have seen better days Adjective true immediately precedes its complement that we have seen better days

67. 4) True is it that we have seen better days 4) True is it that we have seen better days 10 HPP But if all heads immediately preceded their complements in the sentence in accordance with head-first setting of HPP, we would expect istrue that we have seen better days It is true that we have seen better days and is true that we have seen better days Copula is immediately precedes its complement true that we have seen better days

68. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 11

69. HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by

70. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 11 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it

71. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 11 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it it is true that we have seen better days

72. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 11 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days

73. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 12 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days Frontingtrue Fronting the adjective true

74. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 12 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days Frontingtrue Fronting the adjective true isittruethat we have seen better days is it true that we have seen better days

75. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 12 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days Frontingtrue Fronting the adjective true Trueisitthat we have seen better days True is it that we have seen better days

76. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 12 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days Frontingtrue Fronting the adjective true Trueisitthat we have seen better days True is it that we have seen better daysConclusion:

77. Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days Why don’t we get the following? It is true that we have seen better days 12 HPP Because head-first setting of HPP is masked by Invertingisit Inverting the copula verb is with its subject it is it true that we have seen better days Frontingtrue Fronting the adjective true Trueisitthat we have seen better days True is it that we have seen better days Conclusion: Movement masks parameter settings

78. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 13

79. Underlying word order

80. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 13 Underlying word order It is true that we have seen better days

81. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 13 Underlying word order istrue that we have seen better days It is true that we have seen better days Is Is immediately precedes its complement

82. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 13 Underlying word order true that we have seen better days It is true that we have seen better days Is immediately precedes its complement True True immediately precedes its complement

83. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 14 Underlying word order It is true that we have seen better days Is immediately precedes its complement True immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order

84. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 14 Underlying word order It is true that we have seen better days Is immediately precedes its complement True immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order True is it that we have seen better days

85. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 14 Underlying word order It is true that we have seen better days Is immediately precedes its complement True immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Truethat we have seen better days True is it that we have seen better days Truecomplement True doesn’t immediately precede complement

86. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 14 Underlying word order It is true that we have seen better days Is immediately precedes its complement True immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order True isthat we have seen better days True is it that we have seen better days True doesn’t immediately precede complement Iscomplement Is doesn’t immediately precede its complement

87. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 15

88. If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be

89. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 15 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what?

90. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 15 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? think he hath confessed what The verb think would immediately precede its complement he hath confessed what

91. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 15 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? hath would confessed what The auxiliary hath would immediately precede its complement confessed what

92. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 15 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be confessed what You think he hath confessed what? confessed what And the verb confessed would immediately precede its complement what

93. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 16 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what?

94. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 16 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by

95. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 16 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by inverting thinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you

96. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 16 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by invertingthinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you you think he hath confessed what you think he hath confessed what

97. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 16 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by invertingthinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you think you he hath confessed what think you he hath confessed what

98. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 17 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by invertingthinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you think you he hath confessed what think you he hath confessed what frontingwhat fronting what

99. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 17 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by invertingthinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you think you he hath confessed what think you he hath confessed what frontingwhat fronting what think you he hath confessed what

100. 8) What think you he hath confessed? 8) What think you he hath confessed? 17 If no movement operations applied and all heads immediately preceded their complements, the word order would be You think he hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what? head-first HPP Instead, head-first setting of HPP is masked by invertingthinkyou inverting the verb think with its subject you think you he hath confessed what think you he hath confessed what fronting what Whatthink you he hath confessed What think you he hath confessed

101. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19

102. Underlying word order

103. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19 Underlying word order confessed You think he hath confessed what

104. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19 Underlying word order confessed You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its Confessed immediately precedes its complement

105. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19 Underlying word order confessedwhat You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its Confessed immediately precedes its complement

106. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19 Underlying word order think You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement

107. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 19 Underlying word order thinkhe hath confessed what You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement

108. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order

109. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Whathe hath confessed What think you he hath confessed?

110. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order confessed What think you he hath confessed? Confessed Confessed no longer immediately precedes its complement

111. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Whatconfessed What think you he hath confessed? Confessed what Confessed no longer immediately precedes its complement what

112. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order think What think you he hath confessed? Think Think no longer immediately precedes its complement

113. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Whatthinkhe hath confessed What think you he hath confessed? Think he hath confessed what Think no longer immediately precedes its complement he hath confessed what

114. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Whatthinkhe hath confessed What think you he hath confessed? Think he hath confessed what Think no longer immediately precedes its complement he hath confessed what Conclusion Conclusion:

115. Comparing underlying and superficial word order Comparing underlying and superficial word order 20 Underlying word order You think he hath confessed what Confessed immediately precedes its complement Think immediately precedes its complement Superficial word order Whatthinkhe hath confessed What think you he hath confessed? Think he hath confessed what Think no longer immediately precedes its complement he hath confessed what Conclusion Conclusion: Movement masks parameter settings

116. Exercise 1.2 2 Exercise 1.2 21 Analyse a set of utterances produced by Lucy at age 1;11, and see whether they suggest that she has correctly set Head Position Parameter the Head Position Parameter Wh-Parameter the Wh-Parameter Null Subject Parameter the Null Subject Parameter Very Early Parameter Setting The idea is to use the data in the exercise to test Very Early Parameter Setting model

117. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 23

118. If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements

119. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 23 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with The complement of the preposition with is

120. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 24 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements withme The complement of the preposition with is me

121. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 24 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with me She positions the preposition with before its complement me

122. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 25 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with me She positions the preposition with before its complement me play The complement of the verb play is

123. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 25 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with me She positions the preposition with before its complement me play with me The complement of the verb play is the expression with me

124. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 25 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with me She positions the preposition with before its complement me play with me She positions the verb play before its complement with me

125. 3)Daddy play with me 3)Daddy play with me 25 If Lucy has correctly set the Head Position Parameter, we expect her to position all heads before their complements with me She positions the preposition with before its complement me play with me She positions the verb play before its complement with me ConclusionHead Position Parameter Conclusion: Lucy has already set the Head Position Parameter correctly and knows that English is a head-first language in which heads precede their complements

126. 5) Where Daddy gone? 5) Where Daddy gone? 28 where goneThe wh-word where is the complement of the verb gone gone homeComplements are normally positioned after heads in English (cf. Daddy has gone home) where gone Wh-Parameter wh-movementThe fact that Lucy positions the wh-word where at the beginning of the sentence and not in the normal complement position after the verb gone suggests that she has correctly set the Wh-Parameter and that she knows English is a wh-movement language which positions wh-words at beginning of interrogative clauses

127. 8) Daddy doing? 8) Daddy doing? 32

128. 9) Cry 9) Cry 33

129. 9) Cry 9) Cry 331 crynull subjectThe verb cry has a (‘silent’) null subject – but what kind of null subject?

130. 9) Cry 9) Cry 33 crynull subjectThe verb cry has a (‘silent’) null subject – but what kind of null subject? talking ItalianNina Hyams (1986) argues that children initially assume that English is a Null Subject Language, and so start out ‘talking Italian’ (Hyams, 1986)

131. 9) Cry 9) Cry 33 crynull subjectThe verb cry has a (‘silent’) null subject – but what kind of null subject? talking ItalianNina Hyams (1986) argues that children initially assume that English is a Null Subject Language, and so start out ‘talking Italian’ (Hyams, 1986) wrong settingShe claims that English children start out with the wrong setting (Italian one) ‘allows null finite subjects’ for Null Subject Parameter

132. 9) Cry 9) Cry 33 crynull subjectThe verb cry has a (‘silent’) null subject – but what kind of null subject? talking ItalianNina Hyams (1986) argues that children initially assume that English is a Null Subject Language, and so start out ‘talking Italian’ (Hyams, 1986) wrong setting resetShe claims that English children start out with the wrong setting (Italian one) ‘allows null finite subjects’ for Null Subject Parameter and have to learn to reset the parameter to ‘doesn’t allow null finite subjects’

133. 9) Cry 9) Cry 33 crynull subjectThe verb cry has a (‘silent’) null subject – but what kind of null subject? talking ItalianNina Hyams (1986) argues that children initially assume that English is a Null Subject Language, and so start out ‘talking Italian’ (Hyams, 1986) wrong setting resetShe claims that English children start out with the wrong setting (Italian one) ‘allows null finite subjects’ for Null Subject Parameter and have to learn to reset the parameter to ‘doesn’t allow null finite subjects’ types of null subject found in EnglishBut an alternative is that English children simply use types of null subject found in English

134. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 34

135. TruncatedTruncated null subjects

136. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 35 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial)

137. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 35 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile.

138. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 35 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it

139. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 35 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it ImperativeImperative null subjects

140. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 35 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it ImperativeImperative null subjects Put your hands up!

141. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 36 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it ImperativeImperative null subjects Put your hands up! Don’t move!

142. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 36 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it ImperativeImperative null subjects Put your hands up! Don’t move! NonfiniteNonfinite null subjects (= PRO)

143. Types of null subject in adult English Types of null subject in adult English 36 TruncatedTruncated null subjects (sentence-initial) Can’t find my mobile. Must have lost it ImperativeImperative null subjects Put your hands up! Don’t move! NonfinitePRONonfinite null subjects (= PRO) Why worry about it?

144. Question that arises 40 proDo English children ever use Italian-style null pro subjects? English-style null subjects Or do they use English-style null subjects like those found in adult English? Important complicationImportant complication Optional Infinitives I went/Me go Macdonalds Two-year-old children go through an Optional Infinitives stage when they sometimes use non-finite verb-forms in contexts where adults use finite verbs: e.g. I went/Me go Macdonalds

145. 9) Cry 9) Cry 40 cry English-stylenull subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style null subject?

146. 9) Cry 9) Cry 40 cry English-stylemperativenull subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style imperative null subject?

147. 9) Cry 9) Cry 41 cry English-stylemperativenull subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style imperative null subject? imperative Is the sentence imperative?

148. 9) Cry 9) Cry 41 cry English-styleimperative null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style imperative null subject? imperativeNo Is the sentence imperative? No

149. 9) Cry 9) Cry 41 cry English-styleimperative null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style imperative null subject? imperativeNo Is the sentence imperative? No Englishimperative null subject Hence the silent subject could not be an English imperative null subject

150. 9) Cry 9) Cry 41 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject?

151. 9) Cry 9) Cry 41 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject? Is the silent subject the first word in the sentence?

152. 9) Cry 9) Cry 42 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject? Yes (presumably) Is the silent subject the first word in the sentence? Yes (presumably)

153. 9) Cry 9) Cry 42 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject? Yes (presumably) Is the silent subject the first word in the sentence? Yes (presumably) Englishtruncated null subject Hence the silent subject could be an English truncated null subject

154. 9) Cry 9) Cry 42 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject? Yes (presumably) Is the silent subject the first word in the sentence? Yes (presumably) Englishtruncated null subject Hence the silent subject could be an English truncated null subject I cry

155. 9) Cry 9) Cry 42 cry English-styletruncated null subject Could the silent subject of cry be an English-style truncated null subject? Yes (presumably) Is the silent subject the first word in the sentence? Yes (presumably) Englishtruncated null subject Hence the silent subject could be an English truncated null subject I crytruncation I cry > truncation >

156. 9) Cry 9) Cry 43

157. cry English-stylenonfinite null subject Since children go through an Optional Infinitives/OI stage could the subject of cry be English-style nonfinite null subject?

158. 9) Cry 9) Cry 43 cry English-stylenonfinite null subject Since children go through an Optional Infinitives/OI stage could the subject of cry be English-style nonfinite null subject? cryYes Could cry be an optional infinitive? Yes

159. 9) Cry 9) Cry 43 cry English-stylenonfinite null subject Since children go through an Optional Infinitives/OI stage could the subject of cry be English-style nonfinite null subject? cryYes Could cry be an optional infinitive? Yes Hence the silent subject of cry could be an English nonfinite null PRO subject

160. 9) Cry 9) Cry 44 cry English-stylenonfinite null subject Since children go through an Optional Infinitives/OI stage could the subject of cry be English-style nonfinite null subject? cryYes Could cry be an optional infinitive? Yes Hence the silent subject of cry could be an English nonfinite null PRO subject PRO cry

161. 9) Cry 9) Cry 44 cry English-stylenonfinite null subject Since children go through an Optional Infinitives/OI stage could the subject of cry be English-style nonfinite null subject? cryYes Could cry be an optional infinitive? Yes Hence the silent subject of cry could be an English nonfinite null PRO subject PRO cry cf. adult English Why PRO cry?

162. 9) Cry 9) Cry 44 Overall conclusion cry truncatednonfiniteThe silent subject of cry could be an English-style truncated or nonfinite null subject mis-set Null Subject Parameter proThere is no evidence that English children like Lucy ever mis-set the Null Subject Parameter and wrongly assume English allows Italian-style null finite pro subjects

163. 10) I play 10) I play 47 Sentence 10 has an overt subject I. What does this tell us? A true Italian-style Null Subject Language uses null rather than overt subjects in such a context Cosafainelparco Adult: Cosa What fai do nel in+the parco park ? ‘What do you do in the park? Gioco Child: Gioco play ‘I play’ strong/contrastive So it is unlikely that Lucy has mis-set the Null Subject Parameter and misanalysed English as an Italian-style Null Subject Language, since true NSLs don’t use overt subject pronouns unless they are strong/contrastive Rather, the types of null subject she uses are precisely those found in adult English

164. What I will do next week 48 chapter 2Assume you have read chapter 2 of your coursebook example sentencesAssume you have prepared analyses of the example sentences marked by (w) in the exercises in chapter 2 of your coursebook analyseShow you how to analyse the (w) sentences