1. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Professor Veronica Emilia Nuzzolo, MBA, MEd, MAOP PSY – 101 – SUMMER SESSION 2016 Introductory Psychology Concepts Classical Conditioning

2. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-2 Classical Conditioning: the association of two stimuli in the environment. Does the mere sight of the golden arches in front of McDonald’s makes you feel pangs of hunger and think about hamburgers? If it does, you are displaying an elementary form of learning called classical conditioning.

3. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-3 Ivan Pavlov + Russian physiologist, never intended to do psychological research. + Won the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion (1904). + Remembered for his experiments on basic learning process, not for his experiments on physiology. Ivan Pavlov (center) developed the principles of classical conditioning.

4. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-4 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927) Before conditioning, the ringing of a bell does not bring about salivation— making the bell a neutral stimulus.

5. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-5 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927) In contrast, meat naturally brings about salivation, making the meat an unconditioned stimulus and salivation an unconditioned response.

6. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-6 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927) During conditioning, the bell is rung just before the presentation of the meat.

7. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-7 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927) Eventually, the ringing of the bell alone brings about salivation.

8. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-8 Classical Conditioning Paradigm UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

9. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-9 Classical Conditioning Paradigm UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. UCR: Unconditioned Response A response that is natural and needs no training.

10. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-10 Classical Conditioning Paradigm UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. UCR: Unconditioned Response A response that is natural and needs no training. CS: Conditioned Stimulus A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus

11. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-11 Classical Conditioning Paradigm UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. UCR: Unconditioned Response A response that is natural and needs no training. CS: Conditioned Stimulus A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus CR: Conditioned Response A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus.

12. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-12 Laws of Learning Acquisition (conditioned response and unconditioned response presented together) TrainingCS alone PauseSpontaneous recovery STRONG WEAK Strength of Conditioned Response (CR) TIME

13. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-13 Laws of Learning TIME TrainingCS alone PauseSpontaneous recovery Extinction (conditioned stimulus by itself) A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. Acquisition STRONG WEAK Strength of Conditioned Response (CR)

14. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-14 Laws of Learning TIME TrainingCS alone PauseSpontaneous recovery Spontaneous Recovery The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning. AcquisitionExtinction Spontaneous recovery of conditioned response Extinction follows (conditioned stimulus alone) STRONG WEAK Strength of Conditioned Response (CR)

15. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-15 Applied Classical Conditioning Watson and “Little Albert” (1920) John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner set out to obtain evidence that fear could be conditioned.

16. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-16 Applied Classical Conditioning Conditioned Taste Aversion + If every time you ate peanuts you had an upset stomach several hours later, you would eventually learn to avoid peanuts, despite the time-lapse between the stimulus of peanuts and response of getting ill. + In fact, you might develop a conditioned taste aversion, so that peanuts no longer even tasted good to you. + Taste aversion can also occur with a single incident—you get the flu after eating a burrito and so don’t want to eat them again.

17. © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning 5-17 Applied Classical Conditioning Biological Preparedness + Organisms that ingest unpalatable foods are likely to avoid similar foods in the future, making their survival more likely. (Steinmetz, Kim, & Thompson, 2003; Cox et al., 2004). Because of prior experience with meat that had been laced with mild poison, this coyote does not obey its natural instincts and ignores what would otherwise be a tasty meal.