1. APS Upgrades / Changes Higher brightness (~x100) Higher coherent fraction (~x100) Superconducting undulator 3-Pole Wiggler may be used to replace Bending Magnet High quality focusing x-ray optics Advanced detectors APS MBA 1 mm APS Now microns Particle Beam Profiles

2. Opportunities for HPCAT 100 GPa 10 3 K 10 4 K T P 1 TPa ~50  m probe ~5  m probe 0.1-0.5  m probe (70s-80s) (90s-00s)Next generation Next Generation High-pressure Experiment

3. Obtain 3D imaging at sub-micron scale for multi-scale information at extremes Opportunities for HPCAT Complex and heterogeneous materials Nature Geo. (2013) Nature Comm. (2013)

4. HPCAT-U HPCAT-U Scope Enabling sub-micron x-ray probes, including diffraction and spectroscopy Replacements of x-ray optics matching the APS-U Reconfigurations of bending magnet beamlines for 3-pole Wiggler source On-sample flux increase by 10-100 times in all four beamlines Improved beam stability Advanced software and data handling HP x-ray imaging techniques, such as coherent and scattering tomography Advanced detectors Installation and testing period consistent with APS-U 2015 2020 2025 APS-U installation

5. Scientific Objectives of the HPCAT- U Ultrahigh pressure frontier at 0.5 TPa and beyond Probing phase transitions and chemical reactions at megabar pressures Complex hierarchical structures and heterogeneity at high pressures Kinetics and metastability under rapid (de)compression and pulsed heating Exploiting extreme environments for materials design, synthesis, and characterization

6. HPCAT-U: Enabling Techniques and Capabilities Enabling sub-micron x-ray probes integrated with high-pressure devices Orders of magnitude improvement in spatial and temporal resolution Advanced x-ray imaging techniques for complex hierarchical structures In situ measurements relating microscopic structures to macroscopic properties Bridging the strain rate gap between static and dynamic compression

7. Probing Phase Transitions and Chemical Reactions at Megabar Pressures Precisely defining phase relations at megabar pressures Accurately determining P-V-T- structure relations at megabar pressures and to at least 5000 K Measuring melting curves of materials beyond 0.5 TPa Addressing polyamorphism in liquids at extreme conditions Detailing chemical reactions at megabar pressures Establishing “new rules” in chemistry under high compression Hydrogen

8. Materials Performance at Extreme Conditions Pressure induced band gap engineering via precursors, intermediates and metastable phases Lattice defects, domains, and their transport in materials Role of inhomogeneities Dynamics during material synthesis or during material failure Materials strength and plasticity by measuring the evolution of local orientations and sub-grain strains within deformed materials

9. Kinetics and Metastability under Rapid (De)Compression and Pulsed Heating Transformation pathways - nucleation, growth and metastable or intermediate phases Stress relaxation, plasticity, and rheological properties at megabar pressures Non-equilibrium transformations, e.g., super-heating/cooling, over- /under-pressurization Microstructure interactions and evolution Incomplete transformations, phase hysteresis, retained phases Kinetic vs. thermodynamic control of reaction or transition pathways and products ps ns µs ms s ks Ms 100 Gbar 10 Gbar 1 Gbar 10 TPa 1 TPa 1 Mbar 10 GPa 1 GPa 1 kbar 1 bar Neutron (SNS, LANSCE) HPCAT HPCAT-U NIF Omega SLAC Z Timescale Pressure Gas gun ( DCS ) Solid Time resolved diffraction and imaging studies

10. Exploiting Extreme Environments for Materials Design, Synthesis, and Characterization Searching advanced materials – from design to discovery Exploratory synthesis pathways, including understanding the roles of precursor materials Development of more environment-tolerant materials (radiation, temperature, pressure, chemicals, etc) Deformation and fracture mechanisms at extreme environments, gaining understanding of structural integrity and lifetime prediction Recovery of advanced materials to ambient condition

11. Undulators Superconducting undulator for IDB Revolver type undulator for ID-C/D/E U2.1 cm U2.75 cm

12. Three-pole Wiggler Source Magnets Poles Beam Direction

13. Tier 1 Items Undulator beamlines Primary slits Monochromators Thermal apertures Thermal stop A fast x-ray chopper 3-pole wiggler beamlines Beam splitter mask A branching monochromator Primary slits

14. Tier 2 Items Undulator beamlines Sub-micron focus in IDE Optics for preserving coherence 3-pole wiggler beamlines Sub-micron focus Tunnel effect on stability Temperature in hutch Control area space, possibly lifted space over the transport pipes and/or two story modules

15. Undulator beamline layout HHL OpticsIDA expansion On-sample flux and beamsize Next generation HP XRD efficient XRD mapping time resolved XRD (70 ps) 3D XRD HP coherent XRD (CDI, XPCS) Pulsed or modulated LHDAC Bridging the strain rate gap High energy resolution monochromators On-sample flux and beamsize Medium E resolution XES and Mossbauer mapping Time resolved XES and x-ray Raman 16-ID-D 16-ID-B Sub-micron probes One setup for XRD and spectroscopy One setup for TXM 16-ID-E

16. Bending magnet (future wiggler) beamlines BM-A and BM-B combined for optics splitting masks monochromator branching monochromator other HHL optics  -XRD station On-sample flux comparable to the current ID-B Multigrain crystallography 3D XRD On-sample flux and beamsize Laue diffraction 3D Laue microscopy Paris-Edinburgh press HP liquids Double stage for Mbars 16-BM-C 16-BM-D

17. Infrastructure upgrade Floor stability and hutch temperature stability Support equipment Data acquisition and management large size management network speed >40 G/s Server capacity and data storage Data evaluation on site Expansion of user operation area

18. Timelines of the HPCAT-U 2017 2021 2020 2019 2018 Phase 1 - Near Future Projects Phase 2 – Upgrade Projects Phase 3 Installation Commissioning 2022 2023 APS-U