1. The Mongols and Medieval Russia

2. One of the many nomadic tribes of Eurasia. Herded livestock and were excellent horsemen. Leaders called khans The Mongols

4.  Became leader of the Mongols in 1206 and took the name Genghis Khan (“Universal or Supreme Leader”).  By 1221, his empire stretched from NE China to modern- day Iran (largest contiguous empire in world history).  After Genghis Khan’s death, the empire split into four separate kingdoms. Temüjin (r. 1206-1227)

5. Genghis Khan

6. Expansion under Genghis Khan

7.  Genghis Khan’s son, became the “Great Khan” after his death.  Finished conquering northern China and began attacks against the south. The Great Khanate in China

9. Considered the last of the Mongol Great Khans Started a new Dynasty in China => Yuan Empire Khubilai Khan (r. 1265-1294)

11. Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, defeated the Russian army and destroyed Kiev, their capital city. Russian princes became vassals of the Mongol khan. The Golden Horde in Russia

13. The Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia

14.  Genghis Khan’s grandson, Hülegü, and his forces sacked Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last caliph, ending the Islamic Empire. The Ilkhanate of the Middle East

16. Golden Horde and Il-Khan both claimed the Caucasus region => War between the two Mongol kingdoms Timur, a Turkish warrior, became commander of the Chagatai forces and attacked western Eurasia. Timur/Tamerlane (r. 1370-1405)

17. Took over all of the Il-Khanate and captured the southern tip of the Golden Horde’s territory. In 1398, destroyed the Delhi Sultanate of India. In 1402, defeated the Ottoman sultan of Turkey. The Destructive Path of Tamerlane

19. Enormous movement of people and ideas. Trade routes revived, international markets expanded, and demand for imported goods grew. Nobles of Eurasia got to know each other’s culture, languages, and histories as people began to travel back and forth (for example, Marco Polo). Effects of the Mongols

21. Spread of disease, especially bubonic plague Carried by fleas on rats that came from Asia to Europe. Reached Europe in 1347 and became known as Black Death. By the time it ran its course, 20-25 million people had died in Europe (1/3 the population) and 39 million throughout Asia. Effects:

22. “Plague Doctors” stuffed their masks with herbs and flowers to keep out the bad smells that many doctors believed was causing the disease. The glass eye coverings helped to seal out the smell. It is interesting that though doctors of the time didn’t really know about germs these techniques are not very different from modern biological safety techniques. A ring, a ring of roses, A pocket full of posies- Ashes, Ashes we all fall down. Another indication of bad smells being thought to cause the disease is the children’s rhyme shown here. Many believe this rhyme references the Black Death and recommends carrying around posies (flowers) to keep out bad smells. The doctors wore thick coverings over their hands and bodies. Their cloaks were coated with wax on the inside to help seal out the disease. It seems to have helped. Few doctors appear to have gotten sick. The staff was used to keep infected people at a distance. The hat was likely just a way to identify a person as a doctor.

23. Effects of the Plague Decline in population Scarcity of labor Decline of Church influence Breakdown of the feudal system And disruption of trade.

24. Doctor’s outfit to protect from the Plague

25. Russia

26. Russia under the Mongols Under Mongol rule, Russians could still follow all their usual customs as long as they didn’t try to rebel. Mongol rule isolated the Russians from their neighbors in western Europe, cutting them off from many new ideas and inventions.

27. Kievan Russia had been a collection of small independent principalities, each ruled by its own prince. The Mongols united these areas, which actually pulled the Russians together. Under the Mongols, Moscow became an important city because of it’s strategic location by three rivers (Volga, Dnieper, and Don)

28. Rise of an Empire In the late 1320s, Moscow’s Prince Ivan I earned the gratitude of the Mongols by helping crush a Russian revolt against them. In return, Mongols appointed Ivan I tax collector of the Golden Horde khanate and gave him the title “Great Prince.” Ivan was able to convince the Patriarch of Kiev to move to Moscow – enhancing the city’s prestige and providing Moscow a powerful ally: the Orthodox Church.

29. Ivan and his successors use numerous strategies to enlarge their territory: land purchases, war, trickery, marriages => eventually gain much of the land around the Principality of Moscow.

30. Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) The Russian state became a genuine empire during the 43-year rule of Ivan III. He married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor (The Byzantine Empire had fallen to the Ottoman Turks in 1453). Ivan III began to call himself czar (Russian version of Caesar) and, by naming himself this, he openly claimed to make Russia the “Third Rome.”

32. In 1480, Ivan made a final break from the Mongols when he refused to pay their tribute. With the removal of the Mongols from Russia, power was now centralized in the hands of the tsar in the capital of Moscow, with the Orthodox Church as the unifying force of the new empire.