1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor: Internet connection is required to access media assets. No connection? Request a CD/DVD for Wiley-owned CyberPsych assets. The following Media-Enriched PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 4 in Visualizing Psychology. Before presenting these slides, delete all instructor information slides by pressing “delete” on your keyboard. These slides also include links to simulations, animations, and resources on the World Wide Web (WWW). Please return to this Instructor Companion Site for frequent updates and replacements of broken links.

2. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Animations are Wiley-owned and placed throughout this presentation. The animations are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Psychology in the News Video Clips are also Wiley-owned and placed throughout this presentation. The video clips are indicated by this icon:

3. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Each topic on the Lecture Overview slide (#5) has been linked for your convenience. When in “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Enjoy! Finally, the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon, which will return you to the original Lecture Overview slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of this Media-Enriched PowerPoint presentation. Enjoy! Note to Instructor (Continued):

4. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter and Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Siri Carpenter, Madison, Wisconsin Karen Huffman, Palomar College

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Introduction to Sensation and Perception Understanding Sensation How We See and Hear Our Other Senses Understanding Perception

6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Introduction to Sensation and Perception Sensation: process of receiving, translating, and transmitting raw sensory information from the external and internal environments to the brain Perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data

7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Sensation: Processing Processing: sensory organs contain receptors that receive and process sensory information from the environment

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Sensation: Processing Three Types of Processing: 1. Transduction: converts sensory stimuli into neural impulses 2. Coding: converts particular sensory stimuli into specific sensations 3. Sensory reduction: filters and analyzes incoming sensations before sending a neural impulse to the brain

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Sensation: Processing Neural impulses gained through the senses are sent to various parts of the brain

10. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Sensation: Thresholds Psychophysics: comparing events with our psychological experience of them Absolute threshold: smallest amount of a stimulus we can detect Difference threshold: minimal difference needed to detect a stimulus change; also called the just noticeable difference (JND)

11. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Sensation: Sensory Adaptation Sensory adaptation: decreased sensory response to continuous stimulation Gate-control theory of pain: Pain perception depends partly on whether the neural message gets past a “gatekeeper” in the spinal cord

12. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Smokers often fail to notice that their hair and clothing often smell like smoke. Can you use psychological terms to explain this?

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We See and Hear: Waves of Light and Sound Both light and sound move in waves Light is a form of electromagnetic energy. Many types of electromagnetic waves form the electromagnetic spectrum Sound waves are produced when an impact or vibration causes a sudden change in air pressure How We See and Hear

14. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We See: The Electromagnetic Spectrum

15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We See: Light Waves Light waves vary in: length (wavelength), which determines frequency (hue or color) height (amplitude), which determines brightness or intensity complexity (range), which determines saturation

16. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We See: Anatomy of the Eye The eye captures light and focuses it on receptors on the retina, where it is converted to neural signals Small abnormalities in the eyeball’s shape cause problems with vision, such as nearsightedness and farsightedness

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We See: Structures of the Retina Receptors for vision (rods and cones) are located in the retina The fovea, a pit filled with cones, is responsible for our sharpest vision The blind spot, near the fovea, has no visual receptors

18. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We Hear: Sound Waves Sound waves vary in: length (wavelength), which determines pitch (highness or lowness) height (amplitude), which determines loudness (intensity of the sound). complexity (range), which determines timbre

19. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We Hear: Anatomy of the Ear Structures of the outer and middle ear gather and focus sound waves, conducting them to the cochlea Receptors for hearing are hair cells in the cochlea

20. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology How We Hear: Loudness The loudness of a sound is measured in decibels. Chronic exposure to loud noise can cause permanent nerve deafness, as can diseases and biological changes associated with aging

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Other Senses: Olfaction (Sense of Smell) Receptors for smell are embedded in the nasal membrane (the olfactory epithelium)

22. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Other Senses: Gustation (Sense of Taste) Smell and taste are closely related Receptors for taste are taste buds, located in papillae on the surface of the tongue

23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Other Senses: The Three Body Senses The skin senses involve three skin sensations: touch (or pressure), temperature, and pain Receptors for these sensations occur in various concentrations and depths in the skin

24. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Other Senses: The Three Body Senses The vestibular sense (sense of balance) involves the vestibular sacs and semicircular canals located within the inner ear When the vestibular sense becomes confused, motion sickness can occur

25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Kinesthesia provides the brain with information about posture and movement Kinesthetic receptors are located in muscles, joints, and tendons Our Other Senses: The Three Body Senses

26. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Illusions Illusions: false or misleading perceptions that help scientists study normal processes of perception Consider the Müller- Lyer illusion, shown here. Which vertical line appears longer?

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Overview Three basic perceptual processes: 1. Selection: attending to some sensory stimuli while ignoring others 2. Organization: assembling information into patterns that help us understand the world 3. Interpretation: how the brain explains sensations

28. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Selection Selection involves:  Selective attention (filtering out unimportant sensory messages)  Feature detectors (specialized neurons that respond only to certain sensory information)  Habituation (brain’s tendency to ignore environmental factors that remain constant)

29. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Kittens reared in a restricted vertical line environment are later unable to detect horizontal lines. Can you explain why?

30. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization We organize sensory information in terms of:  Form  Constancy  Depth  Color

31. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization Gestalt principles of form perception:  Figure and ground  Proximity  Continuity  Closure  Similarity  Contiguity

32. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Examples of Form Perception

33. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? How can perception research help explain this so-called “impossible figure”?

34. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Perceptual Constancy: perceiving the environment as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input Four constancies:  Size  Shape  Color  Brightness Understanding Perception: Organization

35. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization The Ames Room Illusion

36. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization Depth perception involves both binocular (two eyes) and monocular (one eye) cues Depth perception: ability to perceive three dimensional space and accurately judge distance

37. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization Two binocular depth cues:  Retinal disparity: because of the distance between our eyes, different images fall on each retina  Convergence: the closer the object, the more our eyes are turned inward

38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Can you identify these six monocular depth cues in the photo at right?  Linear perspective  Interposition  Relative size  Texture gradient  Aerial perspective  Light and shadow Understanding Perception: Organization

39. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Two correct theories of color perception:  Trichromatic theory: color perception results from mixing three distinct color systems (red, green, blue)  Opponent-process theory: color perception results from three systems of color opposites (blue-yellow, red- green, and black-white) Understanding Perception: Organization

40. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Organization How does the opponent- process theory explain color aftereffects?

41. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Did you know that people who have red- green color deficiency have trouble perceiving the green colored number in the center of this circle? Understanding Perception: Organization

42. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Start with a click on the rotating globe at the bottom of this slide. Then detach the spiral to fill your screen and stare at the spiral for 20 seconds. Now look at the back of your hand and note how your skin seems to “squirm.” Can you use the opponent-process theory to explain this so-called “spiral illusion”?

43. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking (Answer) Staring at the spinning spiral fatigues the motion receptors that fire in the direction the spiral is spinning. The "opposite" receptors then fire when you look at a stationary object (like the back of your hand). A similar process of fatigue and opposing receptor firing also occurs according to the opponent-process theory of color vision.

44. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Interpretation Interpretation involves four major factors:  Perceptual adaptation  Perceptual set  Frame of reference  Bottom-up vs. top-down processing

45. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Interpretation Perceptual adaptation: brain adapts to changed environments

46. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology  Perceptual set: readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations  Some groups are more likely than others to be affected by the center item in this collection. Can you explain why? Understanding Perception: Interpretation

47. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Do you notice anything wrong with these photos of actress Julia Roberts? Understanding Perception: Interpretation

48. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Now can you see what’s wrong? Your first reaction of not seeing the problem is just another example of perceptual set. Understanding Perception: Interpretation

49. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology  Frame of reference: our perceptions depend on the context of the situation  Bottom-up vs. top-down processing: information either starts with raw sensory data or with thoughts, experiences, expectations, language, and cultural knowledge Understanding Perception: Interpretation

50. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: Subliminal Persuasion Subliminal perception (perception without conscious awareness) may occur, but there is little or no evidence of subliminal persuasion

51. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Understanding Perception: ESP Extrasensory perception (ESP): supposed “psychic” abilities that go beyond the known senses (e.g., telepathy or clairvoyance) ESP research is often criticized for its lack of experimental control and lack of replicability

52. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Carpenter, Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter and Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception Siri Carpenter, Madison, Wisconsin Karen Huffman, Palomar College