1. Pain Understanding Pain Biological Influences –Noiceptors Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressures or chemicals –Gate-control theoryGate-control theory Theory that the spinal cord has “gates” that either open to feel pain or close to block it. –Endorphins Natural pain killers –Phantom limb sensations –Tinnitus Phantom sound- ringing in the ears

2. The pain circuit

7. Pain Understanding Pain Psychological Influences –Rubber-hand illusion Brain Games video –Memories of pain –Empathetic pain

8. Pain Understanding Pain Social-Cultural Influences –We tend to perceive more pain when others are also experiencing pain. (“I AM” clip)

9. Biopsychosocial approach to pain

13. Pain: Controlling Pain Physical methods Psychological methods –Drugs, placebos, surgery, chiropractic, acupuncture, electric stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training, laser therapy and thought distraction… –Example: herniated disc Shall we try something?!

14. Perceptual Organization

15. Introduction Gestalt (form or whole)Gestalt

16. Form Perception Figure and Ground Figure-ground

17. Form Perception Grouping Grouping –Proximity –Similarity –Continuity –Connectedness –Closure

18. Form Perception Grouping Grouping –Proximity –Similarity –Continuity –Connectedness –Closure

19. Form Perception Grouping - Proximity

20. Form Perception Grouping - Similarity

21. Form Perception Grouping - Continuity

22. Form Perception Grouping - Connectedness

23. Form Perception Grouping - Closure

24. Depth Perception

25. Depth perception –Visual-cliffVisual-cliff

26. Depth Perception Binocular Cues Binocular cues –Retinal disparityRetinal disparity Binocular cue for perceiving depth The greater the disparity between right and left image, the close the object (your brain knows this!)

27. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues Monocular cues each eye has these depth cues separately…like:Monocular cues –Relative height –Relative size –Interposition –Linear perspective –Relative motion –Light and shadow –Horizontal-vertical –Let’s look at each

28. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues – Relative Height

29. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues – Relative Size

30. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues - Interposition

31. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues – Linear Perspective

32. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues – Relative Motion

33. Depth Perception Mononocular Cues – Light and Shadow

34. Phi Phenomenon Stroboscopic movement Phi phenomenon An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession.

35. Perceptual Constancy

36. Perceptual Constancy Shape and Size Constancies Shape constancy

37. Perceptual Constancy Shape and Size Constancies Size constancy- we assume objects size stays the same no matter how far away they are. Moon illusion p42 T resource Ponzo illusion – In the Ponzo illusion, two identically sized lines appear to be different sizes when placed over parallel lines that seem to converge as they recede into the distance.

38. Ames Room Designed by Adelbert Ames, participants peered with one eye through a small hole, making the girl in the right “corner” appear larger!

39. Ames Room

40. Perceptual Constancy Lightness Constancy Lightness constancy –AKA brightness constancy We perceive an object as having constant lightness- but illumination varies. –Relative luminance The amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings

41. Perceptual Constancy Color Constancy Color constancy –Surrounding context –Surrounding objects –TEDTalks If you like this in Brain Games, you may want to see more at http://www.ted.com/talks/beau_lotto_optical_illusio ns_show_how_we_see?language=en http://www.ted.com/talks/beau_lotto_optical_illusio ns_show_how_we_see?language=en

42. Perceptual Interpretation

43. Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision Experiments on sensory deprivation –Indicate there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development

44. Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual adaptation –Displacement goggles –Adaptation –Want to try them?

45. Perceptual Set Perceptual set –Mental predisposition Predisposition to perceive one thing and not another Influenced by experience, assumptions and expectations –Schemas Concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information

46. Perceptual Set Context Effects Context effects

47. Perceptual Set Emotion and Motivation Motivation on perception –Monetary motivation to “see” something –Rt: farm Lft: sea Emotions on perception –Refs at PR basketball game

48. Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon

52. Is There Extrasensory Perception? Guess what?! I have it…wanna see?

53. Claims of ESP Parapsychology Extrasensory Perception –Telepathy –Clairvoyance –Precognition Psychokinesis (PK)

54. Parapsychology

60. Premonitions or Pretensions? Psychic predictions –Nostradamus Claimed that his prophecies could not be understood until they were interpreted after the event and by it!

61. Putting ESP to Experimental Test ESP Experiments James Randi offer $1,000,000!

62. The End Crash Course Review on Perception : https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=n46umYA_4dM https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=n46umYA_4dM