1. Early Exploration

2. Early European Exploration  European explorers left their countries in desire of three things Gold Gold Glory Glory God God Spice Trade - (Pepper, Cinnamon, Nutmeg) very popular Spice Trade - (Pepper, Cinnamon, Nutmeg) very popular - Also used to preserve meat, and for perfumes and medicines - Also used to preserve meat, and for perfumes and medicines

3. Technology of Exploration Old School Navigation - Old School Navigation - 1. Stay close to the coast 1. Stay close to the coast 2. Used stars and sun to determine direction 2. Used stars and sun to determine direction 3. Keep track of speed, direction, and time 3. Keep track of speed, direction, and time 4. Maps were inaccurate 4. Maps were inaccurate

4. Technology of Exploration New School (1300A.D.) Navigation- New School (1300A.D.) Navigation- 1. Compass helped with direction and the Chinese developed the astrolabe-tiny “computer” that calculated time and position of things in the sky 1. Compass helped with direction and the Chinese developed the astrolabe-tiny “computer” that calculated time and position of things in the sky 2. Cartographers improved maps 2. Cartographers improved maps 3. Grid coordinates (longitude/latitude) 3. Grid coordinates (longitude/latitude) 4. Innovations in sails, construction of ships 4. Innovations in sails, construction of ships

5. Prince Henry the Navigator

6. Portugal Leads the Way  Wanted to find a sea route to Asia for spices by going around Africa  Prince Henry the Navigator – Brought together map makers, mathematicians, and astronomers to study navigation  Bartholomeu Diaz - Discovered the southern tip of Africa in 1488 “Good Hope”  Vasco da Gama - First to sail from Portugal - around Africa - to India for trade

7. Spain Not Far Behind  Christopher Columbus - With help of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella - made 4 trips to “The New World” - which he claimed was India –said wealth was the N.A.  Line of Demarcation - Imaginary line drawn by the Pope in 1493 to divide the worlds land between Spain and Portugal -The Treaty of Todesillas moved it farther west because of the new lands

8. Spain Not Far Behind  Ferdinand Magellan - Set sail with five ships looking for a western route to Asia- 1519 ~Mutiny in Argentina~ Sailed around southern tip of South America - Straight of Magellan Sailed around southern tip of South America - Straight of Magellan Renamed new ocean “Pacific Ocean” very calm Renamed new ocean “Pacific Ocean” very calm Sailed four months before reaching land- many died of starvation Sailed four months before reaching land- many died of starvation Discovered the Philippines - Magellan was killed by natives Discovered the Philippines - Magellan was killed by natives Remaining crew sailed back to Spain - only 18 of the 260 men survived the voyage Remaining crew sailed back to Spain - only 18 of the 260 men survived the voyage

9. Importance of Magellan’s Voyage 1. Completed the first circumnavigation - circling of the globe 2. Proved the world was round 3. The oceans of the world were connected 4. That the land Columbus discovered was not Asia, but a new mysterious land

11. Portugal & the Spice Trade  Portugal didn’t waste time after Vasco da Gama’s voyage!  Pedro Cabral - took control of the Indian Ocean and set up trade ports in the Spice Islands, Persian Gulf, China, Japan and Brazil

12. Spain’s Conquers  Spanish Conquistadors came to America to “help” native people and get rich  Hernan Cortes landed in Mexico in 1519 - conquered Montezuma II and the Aztecs - Aztecs thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl - a king God - Aztecs thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl - a king God  Francisco Pizarro - landed in Peru in 1532 - Conquered Atahualpa and the Incas - Ransom paid for leader but killed anyway - Ransom paid for leader but killed anyway

13. Spain’s Land  Spain’s two goals for its American Empire: 1) Acquire Wealth 1) Acquire Wealth 2) Convert Natives to Christianity 2) Convert Natives to Christianity  Encomienda system - Spanish monarchs gave landowners permission to enslave natives to work sugar plantations When the population of Indians went down, Spanish brought over African slaves When the population of Indians went down, Spanish brought over African slaves

14. Netherlands Land  Henry Hudson - claimed land for the Dutch in what is now Northern Canada and set up a fur trade called the Hudson Bay Company - developed colonies around what is now Manhattan, New York - developed colonies around what is now Manhattan, New York

15. Expeditions of Jacques Cartier (4min)

16. French Land  Jacques Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River - claimed much of Eastern Canada  Samuel de Champlain – founded Quebec, the first French settlement in the Americas

17. English Land  John Cabot explored Newfoundland and the east coast of America  Jamestown (1607) - First English settlement in the Americas (present day Virginia)  Protestant Pilgrims and the Mayflower Compact in Massachusetts

18. Slave Trade  Triangular Trade - three way trade route between Europe, Africa and America -European goods to Africa - slaves to Americas - sugar, tobacco and cotton to England -European goods to Africa - slaves to Americas - sugar, tobacco and cotton to England  10 - 24 million enslaved Africans came to the Americas - 1 in 5 survived the trip!

19. The Middle Passage and Issues of Security and Mortality Aboard Slave Ships (5 Min)

20. Increase in Money = Change in European Lifestyle  Gold and silver flowed into Europe = led to inflation - dramatic rise in prices  Mercantilism - a new theory that stated a nation’s wealth negates that nation’s power  Wealthy entrepreneurs made products out of raw materials and shipped them off for trade - set up monopolies to completely control certain industries  “While the rich enjoyed coffee houses, the poor worked like animals and survived off of water and bread alone” ~ Jean de La Bruyere

21. Europe’s Commercial Trade Revolution  Population expanded and people started to live longer due to wealth  More people = more demand for goods

22. Europe’s Commercial Trade Revolution  The Food Exchange America received America received - wheat, grapes, and livestock - wheat, grapes, and livestock Europeans received (From America) - corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and beans Europeans received (From America) - corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and beans Europeans received (From Asia & Africa) - bananas, coffee, tea, sugarcane, chocolate Europeans received (From Asia & Africa) - bananas, coffee, tea, sugarcane, chocolate This transfer of goods was known as the “Columbian Exchange” This transfer of goods was known as the “Columbian Exchange”

23. Questions?!?