1. Alpha-cells--glucagon Beta-cells---insulin Delta-cells-somatostatin Nerve fibers --acetylcholine --nor-epinephrine Capillaries

2. Pancreas Blood beta cells (sugars) (?)

3. Glucose Regulation of β-pancreatic Cells Blood ? (Blood) Sugars

4. Cell-cell interactions: gap junctions ( e-cadherin) Cell-cell comunicatioins: paracrine (very close) autocrine (itself)

5. Pre-pro-insulin Pro-insulin (rER)

6. Zn 2+ Microtubules SNARES

7. C: connecting peptide

8. Regulation of Insulin Nutrients=glucose… hypoglycemia GLUT1,2 and 3 In vitro

9. In vivo or perfused pancreas

10. glucose sensor ATP K+ Sulfonylureas (org.compound) Antidiabetic drugs, herbicides and antibiotics

11. Ca 2+ PLC IP3 DAG CaMKs (calmodulin Kinase) PLA2 PKC PKA

12. Other regulations Amino acid: Leucine Glucagon: glucose Somatotastin: synthesis of insulin and glucagon Fat tissue: Leptin /Leptin Receptor: stop insulin secretion (Receptor tyrosine kinase) Adiponectin Adiponectin Receptor: increase insulin secretion (GPCRs)

13. ~60 grams ~20 grams

14. Body Homeostasis -Fat tissue (glucose uptake and release of fatty acid) -Skeletal muscle (glucose uptake and storage) -Liver (glucose uptake, release and storage)

19. Pre-adipocytes Adipocytes

20. Oxidation Carbohydrates Proteins Fat Oxidation Carbohydrates Proteins Fat H 2 0 and CO 2 Fatty acids Control of weight; How do we get fat?

21. Carbohydrates (Glucose) Is Glucose toxic?

22. Methylglyoxal (Obesity and diabetes) -is a normal metabolites of glucose and fructose -is a reactive dicarbonyl compound that interacts with certain amino acid residues in proteins (Arg and Lys) -is derived from lipid and protein Catabolism -forms advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)

24. Microvascular damage to the retina, kidney, and nerves.

27. Glucose increase O-glycosylation

29. -Identification of genetic factors (genes) involved in the development of obesity -17 genes-----( Glucose and fat cell metabolism)---food intake

30. Food intake --Cost --Quantity --Size --Style --Frequency --Time --Physical activities --Energy density (kcal/g) --consumption of ----HFCS ----Dietary Fat (trans fat)

31. Fat and sugar (carbohydrates) Metabolism and Storage Brain-glucose and O 2 dependent signaling system (Serotonin receptor Leptin receptor neuropeptide Y ) Gastrointestinal system---ingest, digest and absorb Liver-muscle and kidney ----transform nutrients Fat---storage and release fatty acids

32. Oxidation Carbohydrates Proteins Fat CO2 + H2O

33. Carbohydrates, Proteins Metabolism has limited/restricted storage capacities --Liver and muscle--

34. Carbohydrates, Proteins Metabolism is not limited/restricted storage capacities --Fat Tissue-- --FAT-- FAS Fatty acids FAS: Fatty Acid Synthase

35. --Fat Tissue-- Adipocytes Dye: Oil red O