2. Panel tracking keeping the panels very close to 90 degrees angle for maximum sunlight. These typically give you about a 15% increase in winter and up to a 40% increase in summer. Maximum power point tracking It figures out what is the absolute best power that the panel can put out. typically get a 30 to 45% power gain in winter and 10-20% in summer.

3.  Changing temperature effect on (power-volt) curve  Changing temperature effect on (current-volt) curve

4.  Changing irradiation effect on (current-volt) curve

5.  Sunny day  Cloudy day

6. Constant voltage method.Short –current pulse method.Open voltage method.Perturb and observe method.Incremental conductance method.Temperature method.

7.  The optimum operating current (Iop) for maximum output power is proportional to the short-circuit current ISC under various conditions of irradiance level (S).  (Iop) can be determined instantaneously by detecting (ISC).  (Iop) proportional to (Isc) from temperature ( 0 to 60 ̊c ).  The proportional parameter is estimated to be approximately 92%.

8.  The voltage of the maximum power point is always close to a fixed percentage of the open-circuit voltage.  Temperature and solar insulation levels change the position of the maximum power point within a 2% tolerance band.  The optimum operating voltage Vop can be obtained at 76% of the open-circuit voltage Vov.

9.  Perturbing the array terminal voltage or current and comparing the PV output power with that of the previous perturbation cycle.  If the PV array operating voltage changes and power increases (dP/dVPV>0), the control system moves the PV array operating point in that direction; otherwise the operating point is moved in the opposite direction.

10. Disadvantages  In constant or slowly-varying atmospheric conditions the output power oscillates around the maximum, resulting in power loss in the PV system.  under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions P&O methods can fail to find MPP.

11.  Second type use (CV) method when (s) lower than 30%of nominal irradiance level.

12. From experimental result we found that Temperature gradient (TG) Use the temperature (T) to determine the open-circuit voltage VOV from the first equation. The MPP voltage VMPP is then determined as in the OV technique, avoiding power losses. Temperature parametric (TP) adopts second equation and determines the MPP voltage instantaneously by measuring T and S. (STC) standard test condition

16. Total number of MPPT papers per year, since 1968.  The total PV conversion efficiency of electric power generation is very low (9:17%).  Solar cell is expensive.  Oil is to be end.  Nuclear energy isn’t clean. Oil available 2100

17.  Kuraymat hybrid solar power and oil …  By solar millennium company  140 MW … 20MW by solar energy.