1. 1 William Shakespeare “the Bard”

2. 2 Shakespeare 1564-1616 1564-1616 Stratford-upon-Avon, England Stratford-upon-Avon, England wrote 37 plays wrote 37 plays about 154 sonnets about 154 sonnets started out as an actor started out as an actor

3. 3 Stage Celebrity Actor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.) Actor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.) Also > principal playwright for them Also > principal playwright for them 1599> Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater where most of Shakespeare’s Plays were performed 1599> Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater where most of Shakespeare’s Plays were performed

4. 4 Shakespeare wrote: Comedies Comedies Histories Histories Tragedies Tragedies

5. 5 Romeo and Juliet Written sometime between 1591-1595 Written sometime between 1591-1595 Influenced by “The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet” by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and “Palace of Pleasure” by William Painter in 1582. Influenced by “The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet” by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and “Palace of Pleasure” by William Painter in 1582.

6. 6 The Theater Plays produced for the general public Plays produced for the general public Roofless>open air Roofless>open air No artificial lighting No artificial lighting Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries

7. 7 Spectators Wealthy got benches Wealthy got benches “Groundlings”>poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) “Groundlings”>poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate Much more interaction than today Much more interaction than today

8. 8 Staging Areas Stage>platform that extended into the pit Stage>platform that extended into the pit Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage second-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet second-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet Trap door & ghosts Trap door & ghosts

9. 9 Differences No scenery No scenery Settings > references in dialogue Settings > references in dialogue Elaborate costumes Elaborate costumes Plenty of props Plenty of props Fast-paced, colorful less than two hours! Fast-paced, colorful less than two hours!

10. 10 Actors Only men and boys Only men and boys Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage

11. 11 Blank Verse Much of Romeo and Juliet is written in it: Much of Romeo and Juliet is written in it: unrhymed verse unrhymed verse iambic (unstressed, stressed) iambic (unstressed, stressed) pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line) pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line) ends up to be 10 syllable lines ends up to be 10 syllable lines

12. 12Prose Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays Why do you suppose that is? Why do you suppose that is?

13. 13 Plot The sequence of events in a literary work The sequence of events in a literary work

14. 14 Exposition The plot usually begins with this: The plot usually begins with this: Introduces: Introduces: setting setting characters characters basic situation basic situation

15. 15 Inciting Moment Often called “initial incident” Often called “initial incident” the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot the first bit of action that occurs which begins the plot

16. 16 Conflict The struggle that develops The struggle that develops man vs. man man vs. man man vs. himself man vs. himself man vs. society man vs. society man vs. nature man vs. nature

17. 17 Crisis The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse protagonist>good guy protagonist>good guy antagonist>bad guy antagonist>bad guy

18. 18 Climax (Tragic) The turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here The turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here Thus begins the falling action Thus begins the falling action

19. 19 Resolution The end of the central conflict The end of the central conflict

20. 20 Denouement The final explanation or outcome of the plot The final explanation or outcome of the plot If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution. If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.

21. 21 Tragedy (Shakespearean) Drama where the central character/s suffer disaster/great misfortune Drama where the central character/s suffer disaster/great misfortune In many tragedies, downfall results from> In many tragedies, downfall results from> Fate Fate Character flaw/Fatal flaw Character flaw/Fatal flaw Combination of the two Combination of the two

22. 22 Theme Central idea or insight about life which explains the downfall Central idea or insight about life which explains the downfall

23. 23 Metaphorical Language Comparison of unlike things Comparison of unlike things

24. 24 Dramatic Foil A character whose purpose is to show off another character A character whose purpose is to show off another character Benvolio and Tybalt Benvolio and Tybalt

25. 25 Round characters Characters who have many personality traits, like real people. Characters who have many personality traits, like real people.

26. 26 Flat Characters One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy

27. 27 Static Characters Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character. Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character.

28. 28 Dynamic Character Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better. Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better.

29. 29 Monologue One person speaking on stage > may be other character on stage too One person speaking on stage > may be other character on stage too

30. 30 Soliloquy Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage.

31. 31 Aside Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters

32. 32 Pun Shakespeare loved to use them!!! Shakespeare loved to use them!!! Humorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo Humorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo

33. 33 Direct Address Words that tell the reader who is being addressed: Words that tell the reader who is being addressed: “A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.” “A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.” “Ah, my mistresses, which of you all/ Will now deny to dance?” “Ah, my mistresses, which of you all/ Will now deny to dance?”

34. 34 Dramatic Irony A contradiction between what a A contradiction between what a character thinks and what character thinks and what the reader/audience the reader/audience knows to be true knows to be true

35. 35 Verbal Irony Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant

36. 36 Situational Irony An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience. An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience.

37. 37 Comic Relief Use of comedy within literature that provides “relief” from seriousness or sadness. Use of comedy within literature that provides “relief” from seriousness or sadness. In Romeo and Juliet, look for moments of comic relief that help “relieve” the tragedy of the situation In Romeo and Juliet, look for moments of comic relief that help “relieve” the tragedy of the situation