1. Backyard Composting and Garden Soil Amendment Jeff Schalau Associate Agent, ANR University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County

2. Why Compost? Recycle waste materials Recycle waste materials Enhance soil structure Enhance soil structure Reduce soil losses from erosion Reduce soil losses from erosion Improve oxygen availability in soil Improve oxygen availability in soil Increase organic matter Increase organic matter Recycle essential plant nutrients Recycle essential plant nutrients Increase biological activity Increase biological activity

3. What Makes Compost? Raw materials (chemical composition) Raw materials (chemical composition) Organisms present Organisms present Moist, oxygen-rich environment Moist, oxygen-rich environment A dedicated space A dedicated space An observant, yet patient gardener An observant, yet patient gardener

4. Raw Materials Kitchen waste Kitchen waste Yard Waste Yard Waste Shredded paper/newspapers Shredded paper/newspapers Floor sweepings Floor sweepings Vacuum cleaner contents Vacuum cleaner contents Wood ashes (some, not a lot) Wood ashes (some, not a lot) Shredded green yard waste Shredded green yard waste Animal manure Animal manure Spoiled hay Spoiled hay Be creative – watch for materials Be creative – watch for materials

5. Materials NOT to Compost Meat/Fat Scraps Meat/Fat Scraps Grease/Oil Grease/Oil Pet Waste (parasites may be present) Pet Waste (parasites may be present) Large Woody Material Large Woody Material Diseased Plants Diseased Plants Weeds Gone to Seed Weeds Gone to Seed Toxic Materials (paint chips, etc.) Toxic Materials (paint chips, etc.)

6. Amounts of Raw Materials Mix fine with coarse materials Mix fine with coarse materials C:N ratio should be 25:1 to 30:1 (more on this later) C:N ratio should be 25:1 to 30:1 (more on this later) Moisture/oxygen balance Moisture/oxygen balance Layer materials Layer materials Add small amounts of soil during the process to provide microorganism “inoculant” Add small amounts of soil during the process to provide microorganism “inoculant”

7. C:N Ratio When there is too much carbon, the compost pile works slowly because the microorganisms have too little nitrogen to build up their populations. When there is too much nitrogen, microorganisms cannot get enough carbon to satisfy their needs. The result is often an ammonia odor.

8. C:N Ratios of Some Materials Food wastes 15:1 Sawdust, wood, paper 400:1 Straw80:1 Grass clippings 15:1 Leaves50:1 Fruit wastes 35:1 Rotted manures 20:1 Cornstalks60:1 Alfalfa hay 12:1

10. Composting Tools Essential Essential –Spading or Pitch Fork –Water Source Optional Optional –Thermometer –Bin(s) –Chipper –Turning Tool

11. Initial Pile Construction 1st layer: 3-4" of chopped brush or other coarse material (air circulation 1st layer: 3-4" of chopped brush or other coarse material (air circulation 2nd layer: 6-8" of mixed scraps, leaves, grass clippings, etc. 2nd layer: 6-8" of mixed scraps, leaves, grass clippings, etc. 3rd layer: 1"of soil serves as an microbial inoculant 3rd layer: 1"of soil serves as an microbial inoculant 4th layer: (optional) 2-3" of manure to provide the nitrogen needed by microorganisms 4th layer: (optional) 2-3" of manure to provide the nitrogen needed by microorganisms Repeat until desired height/volume Repeat until desired height/volume

12. Methods: “Indore” Pile

13. Methods: Homemade Bins

14. Methods: Wandering Pile

15. Methods: Prefab Bins

16. Methods: Three Bins

17. Methods: Rotating Drum

18. Methods: Large Windrows

19. Cool Season Cover Crop and Green Manure Plant combination of hairy vetch (a legume) and cereal rye in the fall (October) Plant combination of hairy vetch (a legume) and cereal rye in the fall (October) Inoculate vetch seeds with appropriate inoculum (seed catalogs have it) Inoculate vetch seeds with appropriate inoculum (seed catalogs have it) Mow and turn into soil 3-4 weeks before planting Mow and turn into soil 3-4 weeks before planting

20. Hairy Vetch

21. Cereal Rye

22. Cover Crop in April Cereal rye and hairy vetch cover crop Nodules formed by Rhizobium

23. Working the Cover Crop

25. Using Alfalfa Cubes to Amend Garden Soil Spread 80 lbs alfalfa cubes over 100 sq ft garden soil Spread 80 lbs alfalfa cubes over 100 sq ft garden soil Water the cubes well until they expand Water the cubes well until they expand Turn expanded cubes into soil Turn expanded cubes into soil Plant crops Plant crops

26. Alfalfa Cubes on Soil

27. Alfalfa Cubes Turned into Soil