1. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Airplane and Pilot Performance Chapter 9 Takeoff and Landing Performance

2. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-1. Takeoff is a critical phase.

3. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-2. Takeoff distance.

4. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-3. Increased weight decreases takeoff performance.

5. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-4. Hot, high and humid means decreased performance.

6. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-5. A typical crosswind corrections graph.

7. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-6. Estimating crosswind and headwind components.

8. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-7. Poor surfaces may increase the ground run.

9. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-8. Use of takeoff flaps reduces the ground run.

10. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-9. An upward-sloping runway will increase the ground roll and takeoff distance to 50 feet.

11. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-10. Each of these runways has a downslope of 1%.

12. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-11. Takeoff distance graph.

13. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-12. Landing distance.

14. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-13. A 10% increase in weight requires a 10% increase in landing distance (approximately).

15. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-14. High temperatures and high altitudes result in a longer landing distance.

16. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-15. Headwind reduces landing distance.

17. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-16. Consider runway surface.

18. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-17. Hydroplaning.

19. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-18. Downslope increases landing distance.

20. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-19. Increased flaps—slower and steeper.

21. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-20. Landing distance graph.

22. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-21. Landing distance table.

23. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-22. Wake turbulence from a large, slow-flying airliner.

24. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-23. Wingtip vortices slowly lose height, move apart and drift downwind.

25. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-24. Avoid wake turbulence on your takeoff.

26. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-25. Awareness of wake turbulence for your takeoff.

27. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-26. Avoidance of wake turbulence in the traffic pattern area.

28. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-27. Beware wake turbulence.

29. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-28. Avoidance of wake turbulence on approach.

30. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-29. Making an approach behind a heavy airplane that has gone around.

31. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-30. Jet blast.

32. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-31. Beware rotorwash.

33. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-32. Rotorwash.

34. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-33. Ground effect.

35. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-34. Near the ground, the upwash and downwash are restricted and the formation of wingtip vortices is restricted.

36. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-35. A typical windshear situation—calm on the ground with a wind at altitude.

37. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-36. Six common windshear situations.

38. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-37. Windshear reversal effect.

39. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-38. Crosswind effect.

40. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-39. Obstacle takeoff graph.

41. © 2009 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Pilot’s Manual – Ground School Figure 9-40. Normal landing chart.