1. NOUNS: REVIEW

2. יוֹם

3. “day” MS Unmarked

4. סוּסָה

5. “Mare” FS

6. מֶלֶךְ

7. “king” MS Unmarked

8. יַבָּשָׁה

9. “Dry ground” FS

10. לַיְלָה

11. MASCULINE NOUNS WITH FEMININE SINGULAR ENDING לַיְלָה “night”

12. אָחוֹת

13. Sister FS

14. יָד

15. Hand FS

16. לֵב

17. Heart MS

18. סוּסִים Horses; M Pl

19. רוּחוֹת Spirits; f pl

20. עָרִים Cities; f pl

21. אְַנָשִׁי ם Men

22. שֵׁמוֹת Names; M Pl

23. יָדַיִם Hands

24. ADJECTIVES

25. ADJECTIVES: GENDER AND NUMBER  The function of an adjective is to describe or limit a noun.  In comparison with other languages, Hebrew has relatively few adjectives.

26. MASCULINE SINGULAR FORMS  Can only be used to describe or limit masculine singular nouns

27. THE MOST COMMON MASCULINE SINGULAR FORMS גָּדוֹלgreat, large גָּדֹלgreat, large זָקֵןold (of persons only) חָדָשׁnew חָזָקstrong

28. חַיliving חָכָםwise טוֹבgood טֹבgood יָפֶהbeautiful, fair, handsome יָשָׁרstraight, right מַרbitter

29. עַזstrong קָדוֹשׁholy קָדֹשׁholy קָטֹןsmall קָרוֹבnear קָרֹבnear קָשֶׁהhard, difficult, stubborn

30. רַבmany, much, great יָחוֹקfar, distant רָחֹקfar, distant רַעevil תָּמִיםperfect, complete, whole

31. ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING MASCULINE PLURAL NOUNS END IN ִים

32. ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING FEMININE SINGULAR NOUNS END IN ָה

33. ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING FEMININE PLURAL NOUNS END IN וֹת

34. These adjective endings are consistent and uniform, even when the nouns they describe are irregular in their plural endings

35. אָב טוֹב

36. “a good father”

37. אָבוֹת טוֹבִים

38. “good fathers” Irregular M.Pl. form of אָבוֹת

39. אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה

40. “a good woman”

41. נָשִׁים טוֹרוֹת

42. נָשׁים טוֹרוֹת “good women” Irregular M.Pl. form of נָשִׁים ִ

43. CHANGES  There are certain changes that take place in the vocalization and structure of masculine singular adjectives when gender and number endings are added.  These changes depend in part upon whether the masculine singular form is monosyllabic or bisyllabic.

44. RULES FOR ADDING GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS TO MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVES THAT ARE MONOSYLLABIC a. Monosyllabic adjectives with unchangeably long vowels retain these vowels when gender and number endings are added. b. Monosyllabic adjectives that end in non-gutturals and have short vowels retain their short vowels when gender and number endings are added. i. When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). c. Mono syllabic adjectives that end in gutturals and also have short vowels must have their short vowels lengthened to long vowels when gender and number endings are added. This is because gutturals refuse to be doubled.

45. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. טוֹב (ms) Good

46. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. טוֹבִים (mp) Good

47. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. טוֹבָה (fs) Good

48. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. טוֹבוֹת (fp) Good

49. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. ריק (ms) ֵ Empty

50. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. ריקִים (mp) ֵ Empty

51. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. ריקָה (fs) ֵ Empty

52. A. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES WITH UNCHANGEABLY LONG VOWELS RETAIN THESE VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. ריקוֹת (fp) ֵ Empty

53. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. חי (ms) ַ Living

54. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. חיִּים (mp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Living

55. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. חיָּה (fs) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Living

56. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. חיּוֹת (fp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Living

57. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. עז (ms) ַ Strong

58. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. עזִּים (mp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Strong

59. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. עזָּה (fs) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Strong

60. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. עזּוֹת (fp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Strong

61. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. רב (ms) ַ Many

62. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. רבִּים (mp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Many

63. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. רבָּה (fs) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Many

64. B. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN NON- GUTTURALS AND HAVE SHORT VOWELS RETAIN THEIR SHORT VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. רבּוֹת (fp) When such endings are added, the final consonant of the masculine singular form of the adjective must be doubled (by the addition of dagesh forte). ַ Many

65. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. מַר (ms) Bitter

66. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. מָרים (mp) ִ Bitter

67. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. מָרה (fs) ָ Bitter

68. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. מָרוֹת (fp) Bitter

69. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. רַע (ms) Evil

70. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. רָעים (mp) ִ Evil

71. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. רָָעה (fs) ָ Evil

72. C. MONOSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES THAT END IN GUTTURALS AND ALSO HAVE SHORT VOWELS MUST HAVE THEIR SHORT VOWELS LENGTHENED TO LONG VOWELS WHEN GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS ARE ADDED. THIS IS BECAUSE GUTTURALS REFUSE TO BE DOUBLED. רָעוֹת (fp) Evil

73. RULES FOR ADDING GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS TO MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVES THAT ARE BISYLLABIC a) All masculine singular adjectives that are bisyllabic will have a qames in their initial syllable. When gender and number endings are added, this initial qames is left two syllables before the tone (accented) syllable and therefore must be volatilized (reduced to a vocal sheva). i. If the initial consonant of the bisyllabic adjective is a non-guttural, the qames that accompanies it will be reduced to a simple sheva.

74. גָּדוֹל (ms) Great

75. גְּדוֹלִים (mp) Great

76. גְּדוֹלָה (fs) Great

77. גְּדוֹלוֹת (fp) Great

78. זָקֵן (ms) Old

79. זְקֵנִים (mp) Old

80. זְקֵנָה (fs) Old

81. זְקֵנוֹת (fp) Old

82. RULES FOR ADDING GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS TO MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVES THAT ARE BISYLLABIC a. All masculine singular adjectives that are bisyllabic will have a qames in their initial syllable. When gender and number endings are added, this initial qames is left two syllables before the tone (accented) syllable and therefore must be volatilized (reduced to a vocal sheva). i. If the initial consonant of the bisyllabic adjective is a non-guttural, the qames that accompanies it will be reduced to a simple sheva. ii. However, if the initial consonant of the bisyllabic adjective is a guttural, then the qames that accompanies this consonant must be reduced to a compound sheva, since gutturals prefer compound shevas.

83. חָדָשׁ (ms) New

84. חְַדָשִׁים (mp) New

85. חְַדָשָׁה (fs) New

86. חְַדָשׁוֹת (fp) New

87. RULES FOR ADDING GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS TO MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVES THAT ARE BISYLLABIC b. The bisyllabic adjective קָטֹן, “small,” behaves in an irregular manner. When gender and number endings are added, holem is replaced by patah, and a dagesh forte is placed in the nun.

88. קָטֹן (ms) Small

89. קְטַנִּים (mp) Small

90. קְטַנָּה (fs) Small

91. קְטַנּוֹת (fp) Small

92. RULES FOR ADDING GENDER AND NUMBER ENDINGS TO MASCULINE SINGULAR ADJECTIVES THAT ARE BISYLLABIC c) Bisyllabic adjectives ending in ֶה will drop the ֶה whenever gender and number endings are added.

93. יָפֶה (ms) Beautiful

94. יָפִים (mp) Beautiful

95. יָפָה (fs) Beautiful

96. יָפוֹת (fp) Beautiful

97. קָשֶׁה (ms) Difficult

98. קָשִׁים (mp) Difficult

99. קָשָׁה (fs) Difficult

100. קָשׁוֹת (fp) Difficult

101. ADJECTIVES: ATTRIBUTIVE USAGE  An attributive adjective is one that directly describes a noun. Attributive adjectives usually stand after the nouns they describe, although this order may be reversed if the adjective is to be emphasized

102. ADJECTIVES: ATTRIBUTIVE USAGE Adjective Noun

103. ADJECTIVES: ATTRIBUTIVE USAGE Adjective + ArticleNoun + Article

104. אִישׁ טוֹב

105. A good man

106. הָאִישׁ הַטּוֹב

107. The good man

108. אִשָּׁה טוֹבָה

109. A good woman

110. הָאִשָּׁה הַטּוֹבָה

111. “the good woman”

112. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE 1. Follows the noun it modifies 2. Agrees with the noun it modifies in gender a) The attributive adjective agrees with the gender of the noun it modifies—not with the ending on that noun

113. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES שָׁנָה שָׁנִים הָשּׁנִים הַטּוֹבוֹת Year Years The Good Years

114. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES אִשָּׁה נָשִׁים נָשִׁים טוֹבוֹת Woman Women Good Women

115. ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES אָב אָבוֹת טוֹבִים אָבוֹת Father Fathers Good Fathers

116. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE  Agrees with the noun it modifies in number  Agrees with the noun it modifies in definiteness  To agree in definiteness means that when the noun is definite, the attributive adjective must also be definite; when the noun is indefinite, the attributive adjective must also remain indefinite.

117. מֶלֶךְ גָּדוֹל A great king

118. הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגָּדוֹל The great king

119. מְלָכִים גְּדוֹלִים great kings

120. הַמְּלָכִים הַגְּדוֹלִים The great kings

121. עִיר גְּדוֹלָה

122. A great city

123. הָעִיר הַגְּדוֹלָה

124. The great city

125. עָרִים גְּדוֹלוֹת

126. Great cities

127. הֶעָרִים הַגְּדוֹלוֹת

128. The great cities

129. ADJECTIVES: PREDICATE USAGE  Hebrew often makes use of simple sentences consisting of a noun, which functions as subject, and an adjective, which functions as predicate.  There are verbless sentences, since the verb “to be” is not written but only implied. It must be supplied in translation

130. ADJECTIVES: PREDICATE USAGE  A predicate adjective usually stands before its subject noun, but occasionally will stand after it.  A predicate adjective will agree with its subject noun in gender and number, but it will never take the article, even though the subject noun is definite.

131. טוֹב הַדָּבָר

132. The word (is) good

133. כִּי הַמָּקוֹם קָדשׁ

134. כִּי הַמָּקוֹם קָדֹשׁ For the place (is) holy

135. כִּי־קָדוֹשׁ הַיּוֹם

136. For the day (is) holy

137. טוֹבָה הָאָרֶץ מְאֹד מְאֹד

138. The land (was) exceedingly good

139. וְהַמֶּלֶךְ זָקֵן מְאֹד

140. And the king (was) very old

141. PREDICATE ADJECTIVES  Two predicate adjectives are sometimes used to describe one subject noun

142. טוֹב־וְיָשָׁר יְהוָה Good and upright (is) the Lord

143. SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVES  When a word classified as an adjective is used syntactically as a noun  Agrees in gender, number, but not definiteness

144. SUBSTANTIVES הֶחָכָם “the wise (man)”

145. SUBSTANTIVES הָרַע “the evil/that which is evil”

146. SUBSTANTIVES הַטּוֹב “the good/that which is good”