1. Air Monitoring Update Southeast Air Directors’ Meeting Montgomery, Alabama

2. Overview Draft Regional Guidance on Monitoring Site Establishment and Relocation Ozone NAAQS – Air Monitoring Aspects Near Road Monitoring – Update and Data Review SO 2 Monitoring Update Next Generation Air Monitoring PM 2.5 FRM Particle Separator Replacement Program

3. Currently in Draft Shared with state/local/tribal agencies monitoring staff in July 2015. Requesting feedback by the end of October. We have already received feedback from several agencies Plan on drafting another section regarding shutdowns as requested by some agencies Not meant to create extra burden, only clarifies existing requirements Outlines CFR requirements to serve as a checklist for preparing documentation to submit to EPA. Intended to help foster consistency in documentation submitted across the region Following this guidance will be important in establishing new SO 2 sites on time to meet the data requirements rule Draft Region 4 Guidance on Monitor Establishment & Relocation

4. Updates to the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) network to reduce redundancy, improve geographic distribution, and add flexibility Extension of the ozone monitoring season in 32 states and D.C. (NC, SC and FL affected in Region 4) New Federal Reference Method (FRM) for ambient measurements of ozone while retaining existing FRM and Federal Equivalent Methods (FEMS) Revisions to the Part 53 FEM performance testing requirements New Appendix U to Part 50 data handling provisions for determining compliance with the revised NAAQS Ozone NAAQS: Monitoring Requirements

5. PAMS Network Design We are replacing the existing 20 year-old multi-site, enhanced ozone network design with an updated 2-part network design – Simplify existing network design by requiring PAMS measurements to be collocated with existing NCore sites in areas with population of 1 million or more irrespective of Ozone NAAQS attainment status Simplifies implementation and provides improved network stability by delinking from designations process and relying on population to limit size (42 sites) Include a waiver for historically low ozone areas Includes an option to make PAMS measurements at an alternative location (e.g., an existing PAMS site) which may cross CBSA or even state boundaries Require states with moderate or above ozone non-attainment areas to develop and implement an Enhanced Monitoring Plan (EMP) to support flexible approaches for collecting data to understand ozone issues in new and existing high ozone areas – Only require EMPs in moderate or above ozone non-attainment areas (focus resources on areas with highest ozone) – Require all states in Ozone Transport Region to develop an EMP – EMPs should reflect “regional” ozone data needs and could/should include states that do not have formal requirements PAMS monitoring at NCore sites will become effective by June 1, 2019 EMPs submitted within two years of designations or by October 1, 2019, whichever is later

6. Locations of Required PAMS Sites

7. Changes to Required PAMS Measurements Requires hourly VOC measurements – Included a waiver to allow 3 8-hr canister samples in locations with low VOC concentrations and for “logistical and programmatic constraints” Requires 3 8-hr carbonyls samples on a 1 in 3 day schedule – Included an alternative to allow for continuous formaldehyde measurements Required “true NO 2 ” in addition to existing NO y Required hourly mixing height measurement (replaces “upper air measurements”) – Added a waiver option to allow measurements to be made at an alternative location (e.g., NOAA ASOS sites) Additional PAMS measurements that are not part of the NCore requirements include atmospheric pressure, precipitation, solar radiation, and UV radiation

8. Implementation Challenges Funding strategy being developed – Existing national PAMS funding is adequate, however, a regional reallocation of PAMS funds will be needed to cover new states who will start making PAMS measurements and those states who will have reduced PAMS requirements – States will need to make significant capital purchases (mainly for autoGCs, true NO 2, and ceilometers). Per grant guidance, EPA plans to hold back a portion of PAMS funds in FY 2016-2018 to provide targeted funds for equipment A number of guidance documents need to be developed or revised – TAD, EMP guidance, QA Training on autoGCs, ceilometers, data validation/reporting

9. Ozone Monitoring Seasons EPA requires ozone monitoring only during the “ozone season” – the time of year when weather conditions are most favorable for ozone formation. – This season varies by state – Last revisions were made in 1997 in response to the 0.08 ppm 8-hour NAAQS Final rule extends the ozone monitoring season for NC and SC by one month, FL extended to year-round. – Year-round seasons for all NCore multi-pollutant sites All waivers are revoked when the rule becomes effective – Regions and states with existing waivers should pursue new waivers as appropriate – Regional Administrators will still be allowed to approve changes to states’ ozone monitoring seasons without rulemaking Expanded monitoring season requirements and year-round monitoring at NCore will become effective January 1, 2017

10. Ozone Seasons: Current Requirements 4-10 3-11 1-12 5-9 4-10 3-11 3-10 4-10 6-9 5-9 3-9 4-10 5-9 6-9 4/15- 10/15 4-9 4-10 4-9 4-10 3-10 1-12 3-10 1-12 3-10 4-9 4-10 NJ DE MD DC 4-9 NH RI MA CT 3-10

11. 4-10 3-10 3-11 1-12 5-9 3-10 3-11 3-10 4-9 1-12 1-9 3-9 3-10 3- 10/15 3-10 1-12 3-11 1-12 3-10 4-9 3-10 NJ DE MD DC 3-9 NH RI MA CT 1-12 Season Change No Change Ozone Seasons: Finalized Requirements

12. New Data Handling Rules for the 2015 Ozone NAAQS EPA is finalizing as proposed Appendix U to Part 50, which deals with data handling provisions for determining compliance with the revised O 3 NAAQS Appendix U is similar to Appendix P for the 2008 O 3 NAAQS, except for the following elements: – Revisions to the procedures in Appendix P for determining daily maximum 8- hour average concentrations – Addition of a new procedure for combining data when two or more monitoring instruments are operating at the same monitoring site – Addition of a new procedure allowing the Regional Administrator to approve “site combinations” when monitoring sites are replaced or relocated – Minor change to the data substitution test in Appendix P (used to determine a clear exceedance of the NAAQS in the presence of missing data)

13. Near-Road Monitoring Update

14. Implementation Phase CBSA Population NO 2 CO*PM 2.5 * Phase 1 52 Sites [funded] > 1 MillionJan 1, 2014 Jan 1, 2015 for CBSAs > 2.5M Jan. 1, 2017 for CBSAs > 1M and < 2.5M Jan 1, 2015 for CBSAs > 2.5M Jan. 1, 2017 for CBSAs > 1M and < 2.5M Phase 2 23 Sites (second sites) [funded] >2.5 Million OR road segment >250,000 AADT (NO 2 only) Jan 1, 2015 (second site) Phase 3 51 Sites [unfunded] Between 500K and 1 Million Jan 1, 2017 *Near-road CO and PM2.5 monitors are required to be co-located with an NO 2 monitor.

15. Near-Road Monitoring Network Status As of July 2015, the EPA estimates that there are 56 operational near-road monitoring sites Phase 1 sites: 45 of 52 sites operational – Missing CBSAs: Chicago, Las Vegas, Orlando, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, Virginia Beach, Washington, D.C. {2nd D.C. site is operational} Phase 2 sites: 9 of 23 sites operational – Atlanta, Ft. Worth, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Riverside, St. Louis, Washington, D.C. Phase 3 sites: Boise and Des Moines are operational – Fresno and Bakersfield scheduled to come on-line early

16. During 2014, no near-road site had an estimated annual average for NO 2 (of available data) above 27 ppb (annual standard is 53 ppb) – The 27 ppb value at the LA Near-road site in Anaheim, CA is the highest nationwide During 2014, no near-road site had an estimated daily max 1- hour 98th percentile value for NO 2 (of available data) above 90 ppb (daily 1-hr standard is 100 ppb) – The 90 ppb value at NYC Near-road Site in Fort Lee, NJ is the highest nationwide – Second highest value is 88 ppb value at a site in Vernal, Utah Near-road NO 2 Summary of Preliminary Data

17. Based off available 2014 data from 40 near-road NO 2 monitors that have one or more non-near-road NO 2 monitor counterparts: – 17 CBSAs where the near-road site has BOTH the highest annual average and the highest 98 th percentile 1-hr daily max value – 18 CBSAs where the near-road site has the highest annual average but NOT the highest 98 th percentile 1-hr daily max value – 1 CBSAs where the near-road site has the highest 98 th percentile 1-hr daily max value but NOT the highest annual average – 4 CBSAs where the near-road site is NOT the highest for BOTH the annual average and the highest 98 th percentile 1-hr daily max value

18. Region 4 Preliminary NO 2 Data AtlantaCharlotteMemphis RaleighTampa PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSIS - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

19. Example Region 4 NO 2 Data: Atlanta Area Average Hourly NO 2 NO 2 (ppb) Atlanta near-road NO 2 compared with other near-by NO 2 monitors Atlanta Near-roadMonasterySouth DekalbYorkville PRELIMINARY DATA ANALYSIS - DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE

20. Other Parameters Measured at Near-road Sites Near-road sites have always been envisioned to be multipollutant In addition to NO 2 at all Near-road sites, we currently have: – 31 sites with PM 2.5 instrumentation 21 with continuous methods 14 with filter-based FRMs 4 of the 31 sites have collocated continuous & FRMs – 40 sites with CO instrumentation – 17 sites with black carbon instruments For a complete listing of current near-road site metadata, visit http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/nearroad.html http://www.epa.gov/ttnamti1/nearroad.html

21. Near-road Next Steps Continue installation of Phases 1 & 2 Near-road sites – EPA Region 4 and HQ are tracking installations & are available to assist Continue updating near-road site metadata – Characterizing the sites is critical to data analyses Continue analyzing data as it is reported – NO 2 NAAQS Review is utilizing the new NO 2 data – Planning more in-depth looks and analyses of CO, PM 2.5, Black Carbon, and other data – EPA plans to continue providing periodic updates to stakeholders

22. SO 2 Monitoring Update

23. SO 2 Monitoring Reminder on upcoming SO 2 Data Requirements Deadlines: –1/15/2016 – Final list of SO 2 sources to be characterized due to EPA –7/1/2016 – Identify the how each source will be characterized (monitoring or modeling), and submit monitoring site proposals and modeling protocols to EPA for approval –1/1/2017 – SO 2 monitors used for Data Requirements Rule must begin operation EPA monitoring and modeling staff will be scheduling a call with each state to discuss your plans for source characterization in detail Good communication on these issues will be important to ensure that the above timeline can be met Monitoring Site Proposals and Modeling Protocols should be developed in consultation with the SO 2 Technical Assistance Documents, and the R4 monitoring site proposal policy.

24. Next Generation Air Monitoring Update

25. EPA Community Air Monitoring Training Hosted in RTP and via webinar on July 9, 2015. More than thirty citizen scientists selected by EPA Regions participated in person, others participated online. Video of training, as well as presentation slides are available: epa.gov/air- research/community-air- monitoring-training epa.gov/air- research/community-air- monitoring-training

26. Overview: Common Types of Sensors The most widely available of all sensor types Inexpensive ($15-$300) Available in a wide array of pollutants Often not specific to any one pollutant Co-factors often influence their output Response relational to some given parameter Light scattering sensors dominate market Cost varies ($50-6000) Sensitive to RH and stray light Size definition varies widely Unit output definition varies widely Aerosol composition influences response Not true mass measurement Metal Oxide SensorsLight Scattering Sensors

27. PM Sensor Examples DylosSpeck Met One ShinyeiAirBeamTZOA

28. Gas Sensor Examples SensarisAir Casting CairClip AeroqualAir Quality EggNODE

29. Multipollutant Station Examples ELMHAZ-Scanner AQ Mesh

30. Ongoing EPA Citizen Science Projects Region 2: Citizen Science Air Monitor (CSAM) development and completion of pilot study in Newark Region 5: Air Mapper development and educational awareness Region 10: Air Mapper use being planned Region 2-Puerto Rico: EJ area and sensor development / community training Regions 4, 6, and 7: CitySpace Project in Memphis. Community involvement and use of mapping tools to design PM sensor network. Regions 4 and 8: CAIRSENSE Project – Field evaluation of sensor technologies in Atlanta and Denver

31. Air Sensor Citizen Science Toolbox epa.gov/air-research/air-sensor-toolbox-citizen-scientists-resources epa.gov/air-research/air-sensor-toolbox-citizen-scientists-resources Designed for citizens, also useful to air agencies Available resources include: –EPA Air Sensor Guidebook –Sensor Standard Operating Procedures –Technical Findings and Reports from Sensor Lab and Field Evaluations –Training Resources

32. PM 2.5 Very Sharp Cut Cyclone (VSCC) Particle Separator Purchase EPA is working on a national purchase of VSCC particle separators for PM 2.5 samplers. Our plan is to make these available to State, local, and Tribal monitoring programs that still use the WINS in their PM 2.5 FRMs at no cost to the monitoring agency. While we are not requiring agencies to make this switch, replacing the WINS with a VSCC is advantageous: Less maintenance with the VSCC VSCC generates better comparability than the WINS in the performance evaluation program (PEP) audits and with PM 2.5 continuous monitors (see assessment from national monitoring conference in Atlanta) We will provide more updates on the timing and availability of the VSCC’s as that information becomes available.

33. Questions?