1. Endocrine System The body’s slower, chemical communication system

2. Major Glands of the Endocrine System Pituitary Gland Pineal Gland Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Gland –Adrenal Cortex –Adrenal Medulla Pancreas (Pancreatic Islets) Testes Ovaries

3. What does the Endocrine System Do? Uses chemical signals for cell to cell communication – this is why it is slower than the nervous system Coordinates the function of cells – e.g. cells in the uterus need to know when cells in the ovaries are active Responds to information from the brain to keep body chemistry balanced- homeostasis

4. Glands of the Endocrine System and their location

5. Hypothalamus Location: lies deep within the center of the brain The master control gland !!!The master control gland !!! Primary Hormones: No one specific hormone; called the “gate-keeper” regulating the release and inhibition of hormones Functions: “gate-keeper” role; regulates pituitary Major Disorders:

7. Pituitary Gland Location: Next to the hypothalamus Primary Hormones: 9 primary hormones including GH, TSH, FSH, LH, and Oxytocin Functions: Reacts to signals send from Hypothalamus, affects growth, puberty and stimulates other glands. “the master gland”; Major Disorders: dwarfism, gigantism, Diabetes encephalis

8. Pineal Gland Location: Between the pons and sides of the thalamus; size of a pea Primary Hormones: Melatonin Functions: Regulates sleep patterns; mating patterns; migration patterns; day and night rhythms Major Disorders: Insomnia

10. Thyroid Gland Location: Anterior region of neck, surrounding trachea Primary Hormones: Thyroxine (T-4) and Triiodothyronine (T-3) Functions: Regulate iodine; calcium, TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) Major Disorders: Goiter; Thyroid Cancer

12. Parathyroid Gland Location: 4 glands around the thyroid Primary Hormones: PTH (parathyroid hormone) Functions: Affects the bones and kidneys; maintain calcium levels in the blood Major Disorders: Osteoporosis; Hyper- and Hypo- parathyroidism

14. Thymus Location: Thoracic cavity below the neck; Primary Hormones: Thymosis; Functions: produces immune cells, White Blood Cells that protect you from infection Major Disorders: Cancers (lymphomas)

16. Adrenal Gland Location: Atop the kidneys; outer layer surrounding the adrenal medulla Primary Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (a.k.a. Adrenaline) Functions: Increase blood pressure, heart rate, dilation of pupils (adrenaline rush, metabolism, levels of estrogen and testosterone Major Disorders: Addison’s disease and Cushing’s disease

18. Pancreas Location: Around the stomach and small intestine Primary Hormones: Insulin and Glucagon (secreted by the pancreatic islets or the Islets of Langerhans) Functions: Digestion of enzymes; regulate blood-glucose levels; insulin uptake Major Disorders: Diabetes mellitus types I and II

20. Testes Location: Within the scrotum Primary Hormones: Testosterone; Functions: Produce sperm and testosterone; primary and secondary sex characteristics Major Disorders: Testicular cancer; Germ-cell tumors

22. Ovaries Location: In the abdomen at the end of the fallopian tubes Primary Hormones: Estrogen, Functions: Produce female gametes; Major Disorders: Ovarian Cancer;

25. How are the brain and hormones connected? Negative feedback loop (like a thermostat) Glands Body Brain HOMEOSTASIS –balanced internal environment