1. Chemical Composition of unalloyed Titanium Grades Grade% oxygen% iron% hydrogen Grade 10.10.20.013 Grade 20.20.250.013 Grade 30.250.30.013 Grade 40.30.350.013

2. Mechanical properties of unalloyed titanium grades Grade 0.2% Y.S. N/mm 2, min UTS N/mm 2 min % Elongation (in 4D), min % Reduction in area, min. Grade 1 1382402430 Grade 2 2753452030 Grade 3 3804501830 Grade 4 4835501525

3. Titanium heat exchanger plates

4. A plate heat exchanger being assembled out of unalloyed titanium sheets

5. TUBE MANUFACTURE Tube manufacture is largely confined to commercially pure titanium Tube manufacture is largely confined to commercially pure titanium Seamless tubes are manufactured by hot extrusion followed by cold pilgering Seamless tubes are manufactured by hot extrusion followed by cold pilgering Seam welded tubes are used extensively in heat exchangers in power plants, desalination of sea water, ship building etc.The starting material is cold rolled and slit to width strip, 0.4-0.9mm in thickness depending on application. High demands are placed on dimensional and surface quality aspects of the strip Seam welded tubes are used extensively in heat exchangers in power plants, desalination of sea water, ship building etc.The starting material is cold rolled and slit to width strip, 0.4-0.9mm in thickness depending on application. High demands are placed on dimensional and surface quality aspects of the strip The tubes are manufactured in 15-30mm Φ range The tubes are manufactured in 15-30mm Φ range

6. a) Plate and b) tube heat exchangers manufactured from titanium

7. Titanium-rich end of Ti-based binary phase diagram – different types encountered depending on the type of solute

8. Typical grades of different families of titanium alloys Alloy Type Alloy designation Chemical composition  Grade 6Ti-5Al-2.5Sn Near  TIMETAL 685Ti-6Al-2.7Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.4Si TIMETAL 834Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-3.5Zr-0.5Mo-0.7Nb- 0.35Si-0.06C ++ Ti-6-4Ti-6Al-4V Ti-6-6-2Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn Ti-6-2-4-6Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo  Ti-10-2-3Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al Ti-15-3Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn

9. Microstructures of the alloy Ti-6Al-4V

13. Creep resistant alloy development : Larsen Miller Plot showing improvements in last 40 years

18. Examples of cast titanium alloys

19. Typical mechanical properties of cast titanium alloys

20. Mechanical properties – cast vs. wrought Grade Tensile strength (MPa) 0.25 PS (MPa) %El Ti6Al4V wrought 895 min 828 min 10 min Ti6Al4V cast 8808155 CP Ti wrought 343 min 275-410 20 min CP Ti cast 35028015

21. Various investment cast parts for applications in the low temperature section of a gas turbine engine

22. Investment cast titanium engine components

23. Investment cast titanium condenser rotors

24. Components of a hip implant made from cast titanium