1. Scenario 8 Traverse Communications Dave Israel NASA/GSFC dave.israel@nasa.gov

2. Scenario 12 – comments form Dave Israel  It is true that scenario 12 is what you want, but scenario 12 includes the scenario 8 comm concepts. Key items of note for scenario 12 are:  - no lunar relay satellite until several years after human lunar return  - the portable comm terminal is the critical element for the comm infrastructure  Data rates and contact times have not been specified yet. Dave Israel

3. Lunar South Pole DTE Coverage Far side each ring is 0.5° in latitude (~15 km) metric name lunar south pole outer most ring is -83° latitude (~212 km from the south pole) assumed mask Earth metric range metric unit lunar cycle (27.32 days) Source: Charles Lee, JPL

4. Phase 1 Exploration Communications Communications Paths  LER – EVA  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN  LER – LER  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC  Motion imagery via WLAN, LRS, or Earth  File transfers  LER – Altair / Outpost  Voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC while in range  Motion imagery via Surface Wireless, LRS, or Earth while in range  File transfers  LER – MCC  Voice/Motion Imagery Exploration within 100km of initial polar base location < 20 km Communication System Requirements  LER  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band)  Altair / Outpost  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band

5. Phase 2 Exploration Communications Communications Paths  LER – EVA  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN  LER – LER  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC  Motion imagery via WLAN, LRS, or Earth  File transfers  LER – Altair / Outpost  Voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC while in range  Motion imagery via Surface Wireless, LRS, or Earth while in range  File transfers  LER – MCC  Voice/Motion Imagery Extended range exploration up to 1,000 km & 14 days from base Communication System Requirements  LER  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band)  Altair / Outpost  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band

6. Phase 3 Exploration Communications Communications Paths  LER – EVA  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN  LER – LER  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC  Motion imagery via WLAN, LRS, or Earth  File transfers  LER – Altair / Outpost  Voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC while in range  Motion imagery via Surface Wireless, LRS, or Earth while in range  File transfers  LER – MCC  Voice/Motion Imagery Extended range and duration exploration up to 1,000 km & 15+ days from base Communication System Requirements  LER  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band)  Altair / Outpost  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band

7. Phase 4 Exploration Communications Communications Paths  LER – EVA  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN  LER – LER  Continuous voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC  Motion imagery via WLAN, LRS, or Earth  File transfers  LER – Altair / Outpost  Voice/low rate data via WLAN or OTHC while in range  Motion imagery via Surface Wireless, LRS, or Earth while in range  File transfers  LER – MCC  Voice/Motion Imagery Leave polar region; conduct lunar-wide exploration Communication System Requirements  LER  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band)  Altair / Outpost  Over the Horizon Communications  WLAN  Surface Wireless  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE Low Rate (S-Band)  Lunar Relay Satellite / DTE High Rate (Ka-Band

8. Communications Link Options  Over the Horizon Communications  Low rate (~30 kbps) at ranges out to 20 km between elements  Lower rates at greater ranges  Maintain continuous communications between LERs  Local Wireless LAN  Moderate data rates (<10 Mbps) per user in ad hoc network  Element to Element links at closer range (2 km)  EVA to Element links  Surface Wireless  Moderate to high data rates via basestation – user network  Basestation provided by Altair, LCT, or Portable Comm Terminal (PCT)  Lunar Relay Satellite S-Band  Data rates up to 3 Mbps  Provides path to other lunar locations and Earth  Lunar Relay Satellite Ka-Band  High data rates up to 100 Mbps  Provides path to other lunar locations and Earth

9. S8 Traverse Matrix (DRAFT)

11. Surface SystemsROIMax Inter- Element Range 2 LERs100 km20 kmLow rate (~30 kbps) Over the Horizon (OTH) between LERs Local 2 LERs + 2 PUPs (4.5m array) 420 km20 km 2 LERs + 2 PUPs (4.9m array) 420 km20 km 2 LERs + 2 PUPs (4.5m array) solar arrays working while in motion 750 km20 km 2 LERs (15 kph) + 2 PUPs (4.5m array) solar arrays working while in motion 1000 km20 km 2 LERs + 2 PUPs + 2 Mobile Nodes 1000+ km100 km

12. Communications During Excursions  Excursions for any distance or duration after exiting the Habitation LAN Zone pose essentially the same communications challenges  Always keeping surface relay capability between mobile elements and habitat will become increasingly impractical  However, using surface assets to relay comm. to outpost via LRS or Earth likely solution.  Lunar Relay Availability  Up to 8 out of every 12 hours coverage at S-Band within 500 km diameter spot beam (data rates < 3 Mbps)  Up to 8 out of every 12 hours coverage at Ka-Band within 60 km diameter spot beam (data rates < 200 Mbps)  Comm requirements due to increased number of mobile elements and ROI may be met by a combination of:  Increased requirements for Lunar Relay / DTE links  Mobile communications infrastructure element  Increased communications capability (Higher gain antennas/amplifiers, Ka-Band, optical, etc.)  Increased use of Store-and-Forward (DTN) applications  Analysis required for optimum network design  Trade network requirements between element requirements This function could be integrated onto a mobile platform or integrated into another element Ad-Hoc LAN (Mesh Network) Base Station LAN S/Ka-Band Links

13. Coverage spec: 250 km from S. Pole 500 km from S. Pole S-band, 1 m diameter Antenna 15° Lunar Elevation Mask Hours Inside Service Area per 12 hrs LRS S-band Coverage - South Pole Pointing

14. Ka-band, 1 m diameter Antenna 15° Lunar Elevation Mask 250 km from S. Pole 500 km from S. Pole Hours Inside Service Area per 12 hrs LRS Ka-band Coverage - South Pole Pointing

15. Page 15 Scenario-8 Communications on the Traverse  Trunk line or Direct to Earth (DTE) services and Users  Trunk Line or DTE:  Lunar Relay Satellite (LRS) provides maximum trunk line, maximum Radius of Influence (ROI), high Rate (100Mbps multichannel) service, and low rate (3Mbps multichannel) service  Lunar Communications Terminal (LCT) provides moderate trunk line, moderate ROI, high rate multichannel service, low rate multichannel service, and Surface Wireless service  Lunar Electric Rover (LER) provides moderate trunk line, moderate ROI, high rate multichannel service, low rate multichannel service, Surface Wireless service, and mobility  Habitat provides moderate trunk line, moderate ROI, high rate multichannel service, low rate multichannel service, and Surface Wireless service  Users:  EVA  ATHLETE  V node  ….

16. Page 16 Scenario-8 Proposal to add mobility to the LCT  Portable Communications Terminal (PCT)  With the addition of an optional docking system elements on sojourn increase the ROI and relay or trunk line service when necessary  Accommodate extreme mobility, but do not burden moderate mobility with extra luggage  Optional docking means that an element need not be fitted with a dock until/unless mission plans to use the PCT  Potential for many elements to be fitted with a dock  Possibly transport the PCT stowed and deploy in an optimal location

17. Page 17 Scenario-8 Stow and Mobilize

18. Page 18 Diffraction Diffraction + Plasma Range on Surface Received Power into 50 Ohm Load Analysis courtesy of Bob Manning, NASA/GRC, 6/25/08 Observations – TRANSHORIZON LUNAR RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION  Plot of Received Power versus Transmission Range at 2 MHz communications on Lunar Surface. The transmitting vertical electric dipole is taken to be 10 m above the surface, and the receiving antenna is at 1 m above the surface.  At 20 km, there is approximately 10 dB improvement due to sparse plasma effects. At 40 km, this increases to almost a 20 dB improvement, and up to 30 dB at 60 km.

19. Page 19 100km Outpost Radial sorties (SPR only) Circumferential sorties (SPR + Mobile Node) Max SPR range during Circumferential sorties 200km  3-day SPR sorties up to 100km away from Mobile Node during Circumferential sorties increases range up to 200km from outpost Review of Sortie Types Mobile Node SPR Range from Mobile Node

20. Page 20 Aggregate Data Rate (Mbps) Path Loss (dB) Range (km) 11.04 -97.2 0.7 9.84 -98.9 0.9 7.44 -102.9 1.4 4.88 -107.3 2.3 3.63 -109.3 2.9 2.38 -112.6 4.2 TABLE 14: 802.16E AGGREGATE DATA RATE VS. PATH LOSS AND RANGE This is from an 802.16E, ETDP study with EVA transmitting to Altair with the assumption that Altair has an antenna with “slightly higher” than zero gain.

21. Page 21 Lunar Relay Satellite Coverage Source: LAT2 Study

22. Page 22 Coverage Summary Source: LAT2 Study

23. Page 23 18 M Antenna BER Contours on Lunar Surface Source: SCIP/JPL, Lee & Ruggier

24. Page 24 34 M Antenna BER Contours on Lunar Surface Source: SCIP/JPL, Lee & Ruggier

25. Page 25 34 M Antenna BER Contours on Lunar Surface Source: SCIP/JPL, Lee & Ruggier

26. Page 26 18 M Antenna Data Rate Contours at Lunar Surface for BER 10-8 100 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Kbps 1 Kbps 10 Kbps Orthographic Projection 100 bps 688 KM 959 KM 1193 KM 1414 KM 2196 KM 1885 KM 1639 KM Frequency: 23 GHz Ground Antenna: 18M Lunar Antenna: 0.5 M Uplink Power: 200 W Modulation: BPSK Coding: LDPC AR4JA (1024,1/2) Link Margin: 3 dB Source: SCIP/JPL, Lee & Ruggier