1. Fecal Sludge Management Implementing a Cradle to Grave Approach to our Sanitation Problems

2. The sanitation MDG was not met in 2015 WHO/UNICEF (2015)

3. Global sanitation coverage WHO/UNICEF (2015)

4. Both urban and rural areas are critical Rural vs. urban coverage 70% of the unserved are in rural areas, however… Urbanization is outpacing provision(155k people/day) –~90% of all people will be in urban areas and developing countries by 2050 WHO/UNICEF (2015)

5. SDG Sanitation Target By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

6. Sanitation Service Chain

8. FSM Diagnostic and Decision Making Tools  Fecal flow diagrams  Service Delivery Assessment  Political Economy Analysis  Economics of Sanitation Toolkit  SaniPath  Market analysis (demand, re-use)

9. Fecal Flow Diagram Example from Maputo, Mozambique, adapted from WSP 2014.

10. Service Delivery Assessment Scorecard

11. Peal et al. (2014)

12. Sustainable: emphasizes approaches that combine to maintain outcomes over time rather than just counting outputs or facilities. USAID Water & Development Strategy Target million people with first-time or improved access to sustainable sanitation services more precise and scaled targeting, and more strategic programs that consider the continuum of services over time Services: emphasizing a focus on a system for provision rather than just the construction of a facility. 6

13. Reaching USAID target in sanitation USAID is on-track to meet or exceed its W&D Strategy target of 6 million people with sustainable sanitation access from FY14-FY18

14. Sanitation Ladder & USAID Indicators 14 Basic Safely managed Effectively treated Unimproved Open defecation 3.1.8.2-1Percent of households using a basic sanitation facility 3.1.6.8-3Percent of population in target areas practicing open defecation 3.1.6.8-5Number of communities certified as “open defecation free” (ODF) as a result 3.1.8.2-2Number of people gaining access to a basic sanitation facility ProposedNumber of people gaining safely managed sanitation services CustomNumber of people gaining effectively treated sanitation services ProposedPercentage of people gaining safely managed sanitation services

15. FSM Innovations Upgradable FSM infrastructure Gates/Janicki Omniprocessor Home mobile toilets ONAS latrine emptying call center Fecal sludge as fuel Gulper Small-scale FSM

16. Questions for discussion Can a project address one part of the FSM chain? Or does it need to address everything? Is wastewater treatment primarily a health or environmental concern? How will SDGs impact USAID sanitation programming? Does FSM work only in urban areas where there are economies of scale or is there a business model that could work in rural areas? What would an IEE and an EMMP look like for a FSM project? WWTP project? What is required by 22 CFR 216? What are best approaches for integrating climate change into sanitation programs? Re: Climate Change Executive Order?