1. Bell Ringer
List all Organ Systems.

2. The Human Body Define anatomy and physiology
Objectives:
Define anatomy and physiology
Explain how the two are related
List and describe the major characteristics of life
Describe the levels of structural organization
List all Organ Systems
Explain homeostasis and its importance to life
Identify body planes, positions, and cavities

3. The Human Body
Anatomy examines the body at different levels of structural organizations.
Physiology deals with how body parts function
The two together
The structure of a part often determines its function.

4. Levels of Organization: Chemical Level
The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.
Atoms combine with another to form...
molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);
Molecules combine with another to form...

5. Levels of Organization: Chemical Level
macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);
Macromolecules combine to form...
organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of a cell each with a particular function;
Organelles collectively compose ...

6. Major elements that make up living organisms
Hydrogen- H Oxygen – O
Nitrogen - N Carbon - C
Calcium - Ca Sodium – Na
Potassium - K Chlorine - Cl

7. Levels of Organization
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of an organism.
Tissues are groups of similar specialized cells and the substances around them that have a similar function.

8. Levels of Organization
Organs are structures made of 2 or more different tissues and have a similar function.
Systems consist of a group of organs with a common function.
How many systems?

9. Levels of Organization
Human Organism
is a collection of structurally and functionally integrated organ systems.
Systems that make up the Human Body
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive

10. Inquiring Minds?
What is Anatomy & Physiology?

11. Life Processes
All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from non - living things.
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction

12. Review Questions Define anatomy and physiology
List and define the 6 levels of organization.
What are the major chemical elements that make up living organisms?
Name the 11 organ systems in the human body.
List and explain the characteristics of all living organisms.

13. Homeostasis
A condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.

14. Homeostasis
For survival, the composition of fluids surrounding cells must be maintained at all times.

15. Homeostasis ECF – the fluid outside the cells (extracellular fluid)
Found in the narrow spaces between cells, called interstitial fluid/tissue fluid
In blood vessels is called Plasma; in lymphatic vessels is called lymph.
Fluid within cells is called intercellular fluid.

16. Homeostasis
ECF refers to the body’s internal environment.

17. Homeostasis Factors in maintaining homeostasis:
Optimal concentrations of gases, nutrients, ions, and water.
Optimal temperature
Optimal volume for healthy cells.

18. Homeostasis Stress and Homeostasis
Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.
Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of stress to restore normal limits.

19. Homeostasis Regulation of Homeostasis
Under nervous and endocrine control, acting together or independently.
Nervous system sends impulses to counteract the stress.
Endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.

20. Feed Back Systems Also called LOOPS
A cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continuously monitored and fed back to a central control region.
Stimulus is any stress that changes a controlled condition.

21. Feed Back Systems Consists of 3 basic components Control Center
Receptor monitors
Effectors

22. Feed Back Systems Negative Feedback System
Response reverses the original stimulus

23. Feed Back Systems Positive Feedback System
Responses enhances the original stimulus

24. Homeostatic Imbalances
Leads to disease or death
Disease is any change from a state of health.
Characterized by signs and symptoms
Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions;
Signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured
Local disease affects one part or a limited area of the body.
Systemic disease affects the entire body or several body parts.

25. Anatomical Position
A standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

26. Anatomical Positions
Regional names are terms given to specific areas of the body for reference.
Directional Terms are used lo locate precisely one body part relative to another.
Planes or sections are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body into definite areas.
Body Cavities are spaces in the body that contain various organs.

27. Anatomical directions and orientation:
1. superior/inferior
2. anterior(ventral)
3. posterior(dorsal)
4. lateral/medial
5. proximal/distal
6. superficial/deep

28. Body Cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominal and pelvic cavity
Dorsal cavity

29. Body Planes Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)
Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)
Median plane (Midsagittal)