1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION 1

2. Chapter 1 Key Terms 2 AnatomyAnterior CaudalCephalad DorsalFrontal HomeostasisInferior LateralMedial MidsagittalPathology PhysiologyPosterior SuperiorVentral

3. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN BODY 3

4. Early Anatomists  Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): first to illustrate the human skeleton with all of its bones  Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564): wrote a book on the human body  William Harvey (1578-1657): discovered how blood circulates through the body 4

5. Definitions  Anatomy: Study of the morphology and organization of the human body  Physiology: Study of the functions of the human body  Pathology: Study of diseases 5

6. Subdivisions of Anatomy  Gross Macroscopic Anatomy  Regional Anatomy  Systemic Anatomy  Microscopic Anatomy  Developmental Anatomy  An essential tool for studying anatomy is a mastery of anatomical terminology. Others are observation, manipulation, and in a living person, palpation (feeling organs with your hands) and auscultation (listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope). 6

7. Characteristics of Life (Living things)  Movement – voluntary change in location  Response – self awareness of environment  Growth – increase in body size without change in shape  Reproduction – producing new organisms/cells  Respiration – obtaining oxygen, removing CO 2, releasing energy from food 7

8. Characteristics of Life (Living things)  Digestion – breaking down substances into forms that can be absorbed and used  Absorption – substances passing through cell membranes and into body fluids  Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids  Assimilation – changing substances into different chemical forms  Excretion – removing waste produced by metabolism 8

9. Maintenance of Life  Water – most abundant substance in the body  Food – provides organism with nutrients for energy and materials for building new living material  Oxygen – used to release energy from nutrients  Heat – product of metabolic reactions and allows other reactions to occur  Pressure – important in several areas (atmospheric, hydrostatic…) 9

10. Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

11. Body Systems  Integumentary System (skin, hair, nails, sweat glands)  Protection, insulation, regulation of water and temp  Skeletal System (bones, cartilage)  Movement, blood production, protection, mineral storage  Muscular System (muscles, tendons, fasciae, bursae)  Body movement, movement of food and blood  Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, nerves)  Control and regulation, interpreting stimuli 11

12. Body Systems  Endocrine System (pituitary, adrenal, liver, thyroid…)  Secretes hormones to regulate the body’s functions  Circulatory System (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries)  Transport substances to and from cells  Lymphatic System (thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes)  Drains tissues of excess fluids, immunities  Respiratory System (lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx…)  Exchange O 2 and CO 2 in the blood 12

13. Body Systems  Digestive System (mouth, stomach, intestines…)  Convert food into absorbable substances  Urinary System (kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra)  Maintain homeostasis, chemical regulation of blood  Reproductive System (different for both genders)  Maintain sexual characteristics and production of offspring 13

14. Planes Sagittal Plane Midsagittal Parasagittal Horizontal/Transverse Plane Frontal/Coronal Plane 14

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17. Terms of Direction Superior: Uppermost or above.Inferior/Caudal: Lowermost or below Anterior/Ventral: Toward the front Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the back Cephalad/Cranial: Toward the head Caudal: Toward the tail Medial: Nearest to the midline of the body Lateral: Toward the side or away from the midline of the body Proximal: Nearest to the point of attachment or origin Distal: Away from the point of attachment or origin 17 Anatomical Position

18. 18 Regions of the Body

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20. Major Body Cavities  2 major body cavities  Dorsal  Cranial Cavity – contains the brain  Spinal Cavity – contains the spinal cord 20

21. Major Body Cavities  Ventral  Thoracic Cavity  Abdominopelvic Cavity  Abdominal Cavity  Pelvic Cavity 21

22. Major Body Cavities  Thoracic Cavity  Pleural Cavities – contain lungs  Pericardial Cavity – contains heart  Mediastinum – between pleural cavities 22

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24. Major Body Cavities  Viscera – the organs of a cavity  Visceral – referring to those organs  Visceral peritoneum – the covering on an organ  Parietal – referring to the walls of the cavity  Parietal peritoneum – the covering on the wall of a cavity 24

25. Homeostasis  Maintenance of the internal environment of the body  Within varying narrow limits  The body is healthy when homeostasis is maintained  Negative Feedback Loop  Blood Glucose Level  Body Temperature 25

26. Homeostasis  Blood Glucose Levels  Cells use glucose for functions  Glucose levels rise significantly after meal  Pancreas secretes insulin  Moves glucose into liver for storage as glycogen  Between meals, pancreas secretes glucagon  Turns glycogen into glucose and returns it to blood  Glucose levels remain fairly constant between meals 26

27. Homeostasis  Body Temperature  Hypothalamus detects increase body temp and secretes hormone  Hormone triggers the body to sweat and blood vessels to dilate 27

28. Homeostasis  Negative Feedback  Response to a disturbance  Change in process  Positive feedback  Increase in function in response to stimulus  Organ systems help control internal environment 28