2.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 1 Transaction Processing and the Internal Control Process Chapter 2

3.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 2 Learning Objective 1 Understand the nature of control exposures. Understand the broad objectives of transaction cycles.

4.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 3 Controls and Exposures Controls are needed to reduce exposures. An exposure consists of the potential financial effect of an event multiplied by its probability of occurrence. Controls rarely affect the causes of exposures.

5.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 4 Common Exposures EXPOSURES BusinessinterruptionStatutorysanctions Deficientrevenues Fraud and embezzlement Excessivecosts Loss of assets CompetitivedisadvantagesInaccurateaccounting

6.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 5 Fraud and White-Collar Crime What is white-collar crime? Grouping of illegal activities that are differentiated from other illegal activities in that they occur as part of the occupation of the offender. It often involves the entry of fictitious transactions into an accounting system.

7.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 6 Fraud and White-Collar Crime Employee theft Employee-outsider theft Management fraud

8.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 7 Fraud and White-Collar Crime White-collar crime may result in fraudulent financial reporting. Corporate crime is a white-collar crime that benefits a company or organization rather than the individuals who perpetrate the fraud.

9.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 8 Fraud and White-Collar Crime What is forensic accounting? Forensic accounting is one of several terms used to describe the activities of persons who are concerned with preventing and detecting fraud and white-collar crime.

10.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 9 Computer Processing and Exposures Computer processing can increase the risk and/or potential dollar loss of exposures. Mechanical processing of data Mechanical data storage Complexity of processing

11.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 10 Control Objectives and Transaction Cycles Most organizations experience the same types of economic events. These events generate transactions that may be grouped according to four common cycles of business activity.

12.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 11 Transaction Cycles ConversioncycleExpenditurecycle Revenuecycle

13.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 12 Relationship between Transaction Cycles ConversioncycleExpenditurecycleRevenuecycle Labor Materials Plant Purchasing/Accounts Payable Cash Disbursements Payroll; Fixed Assets Production Planning & Control Cost Accounting Sales Order Processing Cash Receipts Finished Goods Customers FG Cash

14.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 13 Control Objectives and Transaction Cycles Vendors should be authorized in accordance with management’s criteria. Employees should be hired in accordance with management’s criteria. Access to personnel, payroll, and disbursement records should be permitted only in accordance with management’s criteria. Amounts due to vendors should be accurately and promptly classified, summarized, and reported. Compensation rates and payroll deductions should be authorized in accordance with management’s criteria.

15.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 14 Control Objectives and Transaction Cycles Customers should be authorized in accordance with management’s criteria. Prices and terms of goods and services should be authorized in accordance with management’s criteria. All shipments of goods and services provided should result in a billing to the customer. Billings to customers should be accurately and promptly classified, summarized, and reported.

16.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 15 Control Objectives and Transaction Cycles The production plan should be authorized in accordance with management’s criteria. Cost of goods manufactured should be accurately and promptly classified, summarized, and reported. * Finance Cycle

17.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 16 Transaction Processing Controls Transaction processing controls General controls Application controls

18.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 17 Transaction Processing Controls The plan of data processing organization General operating procedures Equipment control features Equipment and data-access controls

19.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 18 Transaction Processing Controls InputProcessingOutput

20.  2004 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Accounting Information Systems, 9/e, by Bodnar/Hopwood 4 – 19 Transaction Processing Controls PreventiveDetectiveCorrective