1. NEW FORMS OF THE FAMILY, GENDER AND INDIVIDUALISATION IN SPAIN 21 ST CENTURY MERCEDES ALCAÑIZ UNIVERSIDAD JAUME I. SPAIN

2. OBJETIVES THE AIM OF THIS PRESENTATION IS TO EXPLAIN THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE FAMILY IN RELATION TO THE STRUCTURAL AND CULTURAL CHANGES THAT HAVE BEEN HAPPENING IN SPANISH SOCIETY OVER THE LAST THREE DECADES.

3. INDEX 1.- GENERAL DATA OF SPAIN. 2.- CHANGES IN RELATION TO: ECONOMICS, POLITICS, SOCIAL ISSUES, CULTURE. 3.- SOME INDICATORS THAT SHOW THE PLURALIZATION OF FAMILIES, HOUSEHOLDS AND WAYS OF LIVING.

4. 1.- GENERAL DATA OF SPAIN 1.- POPULATION. –1970: 34.041.531 MILLION –1981: 37.683.363 MILLION –1991: 38.872.268 MILLION –2001: 40.847.371 MILLION –2006: 44.708.964 MILLION PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1970 AND 2001: 16,0%.

5. 2.- NUMBER OF FAMILIES AND HOUSEHOLDS. –1970: 8.858.992 MILLION –1991: 11.298.509 –2001: 14.187.169 PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1970 AND 2001: 60%. INCREASING RAPIDLY IN COMPARISON WITH THE POPULATION. AVERAGE MEMBERS: 1970 (3,8) 2001 (2,9)

6. PERCENTAGE AGE STRUCTURE IN SPAIN. THE AGEING INDEX: +65/-15 YEARS. 19702001 0-1427,814,5 15-6462,568,4 + 659,717,0 +801,53,9 AGEING INDEX 34,8117,3

7. ACTIVE WOMEN: WORKING AND DESEMPLOYEES. THERE ARE MORE THAN 100% OF INCREASING. 197017,7% 200139,35% 200546,06%

8. ECONOMIC 1.- FROM INDUSTRIAL TO SERVICES SECTOR. 2.- FLEXIBLE LABOUR MARKET. 3.- GLOBALIZATION. SOCIAL 1.- SINCE THE 70’ UNIVERSAL EDUCATION. 2.- URBAN SOCIETY. 3.- SECULARIZATION. 4.- FROM PATRIARCHAL TO EQUALITARIAN FAMILY. POLITICAL 1.- FROM A DICTADORSHIP TO DEMOCRACY. 2.- EUROPEAN UNION. 3.- EQUAL OPORTUNITY POLICIES AND LAWS. 4.- INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS. CULTURAL 1.- CONSUMPTION VALUES. 2.- INDIVIDUALISATION. 3.- GENDER SYSTEM. 4.- FROM TRADICIONALISM TO POST-MODERNITY. CHANGES

9. FROM FAMILY TO HOUSEHOLD CENSUS 1970 SINGLE HOUSEHOLD: 672.183. COUPLES WITH O WITHOUT CHILDREN: 7.606.158. LONE PARENT FAMILY: 824.822 EXTENDED FAMILIES 502.338 CENSUS 2001 SINGLE HOUSEHOLD: 2.876.572. COUPLE WHITHOUT CHILDREN: 3.042.409 WITH: 6.468.408 MOTHER WITH CHILDREN.1.329.960 FATHER: 322.160 EXTENDED FAMILIES: 281.118

10. PLURALIZATION OF FAMILIES AND WAYS OF LIVING MORE PEOPLE ARE LIVING ALONEMORE PEOPLE ARE LIVING ALONE: ONE–PERSON HOUSEHOLD HAVE INCREASED BY 328% BETWEEN 1970 AND 2001. LESS PEOPLE GETTING MARRIED AND MORE PEOPLE OPTING FOR COHABITING LESS PEOPLE GETTING MARRIED AND MORE PEOPLE OPTING FOR COHABITING: IN 1970, MARRIAGE RATE WAS 7,6%º AND IN 2005, 4,8%º. BOTH FOR CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS MARRIAGE. ALTHOUGH SPAIN HAS LESS COHABITING COUPLES THAN OTHER COUNTRIES, FROM 1991 TO 2001 THE INCREASE WAS 155%. INCREASE IN DIVORCES: DIVORCE BECAME LEGAL IN 1981, BUT SINCE 2005 THE LAW WAS MODIFIDE AND MADE IT EASIER TO GET DIVORCED. IN 1985, THE NUMBER OF DIVORCES WERE 18.291 AND IN 2005, 72.848.

11. LONE PARENT FAMILIESLONE PARENT FAMILIES: IN 2001, THERE ARE 41% MORE THAN IN 1991. INCREASE OF SINGLE WOMEN WITH ADOPTED CHILD OR IN VITRO FECUNDATION, ALSO FOR HER CHOICE. STEPFAMILIESSTEPFAMILIES: IN 2001, THERE ARE 232.863 FAMILIES. THIS IS RELATED TO THE RISE IN DIVORCES. HOMOSEXUAL COUPLESHOMOSEXUAL COUPLES: THERE ARE 10.474 COUPLES, 65% OF THEM ARE MEN. SINCE 2005 GAY MARRIAGE HAS BEEN LEGAL IN SPAIN. NEW FORMS OF LIVING. NEW FORMS OF LIVING: DOUBLE INCOME NO KIDS, LIVING APART TOGETHER, GROUP OF FRIENDS.