1. Satellite Altimetry

2. The range R from satellite to mean sea level is estimated by

4. Past Missions

7. Current Missions

10. Radar Measurement principles

13. Normalized radar Cross Section

20. Ocean Surface Reflectivity

22. Atmospheric Attenuation Clear Sky Transmittance at normal incidence angle

29. Cloud Attenuation

33. Rain Attenuation

35. Two-Way Travel Time Pulse-Limited

42. Average Returned Waveform

43. Fig 16: Average of 1, 25, and 1000 Simulated Independent time series of illuminated area

44. Instrument Corrections Doppler Shift Altimeter Acceleration Error Oscillator Drift Error Pointing angle and sea-state correction

45. Foot Print Size

46. Range Estimation 1cm accuracy from satellite altimetry by measuring two-way travel time is a big challenge due to the reasons: Atmospheric Effects: Dry Tropospheric Refraction Wet Tropospheric Refraction Ionospheric Refraction Sea-State Effects: Electromagnetic Bias Skewness Bias

49. TECU estimated from Dual-freq measurements

52. Orbit Determination