1. A Nation Divided Ch. 22 Section 3

2. Working Class War Most soldiers who served were called by the draft –Men between 18-26 yrs. old Feelings toward the war change; find ways out –Medical reasons, join Coast Guard, get college deferment –College kids- white upper-class Those who had to fight- lower class whites & minorities (working class)

3. African-Americans Served disproportionately as ground troops –20% combat deaths; only 10% U.S. population MLK speaks out against war “cruel irony” –Sent to fight for liberty they don’t receive at home Racial tension runs high is some platoons

4. Women join the ranks Army doesn’t allow women in combat –10,000 serve in Vietnam as nurses –Volunteer for Red Cross or United Services Organization (USO) Bring hospitality and entertainment

5. Roots of opposition Growing youth movement becomes the New Left –Demand social changes Most vocal group Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) –Say that large corporations & govt. had taken over America –Call for greater individual freedoms

6. SDS

7. Campus Activism 1964 the Free Speech Movement (FSM) begins at UC Berkeley –Free speech on campus Students across the country, begin protests on campus –Dress codes, curfews, mandatory ROTC

8. Movement Grows April 1965, SDS organizes march on Washington D.C. –20,000 protestors/ Nov. 30,000 Johnson changes college deferment –Must be doing well academically to avoid draft –Campuses erupt in protest SDS grows- 400 chapters

9. Youth opposition Most believe Vietnam conflict was a civil war- no business of ours Can’t police the entire world Veterans returning began protesting Music is used as a protest vehicle –Peter, Paul & Mary; Joan Baez

10. Musicians

11. Protest to resistance Protestors up the ante- ½ million gather in Central Park –“Hell no, we won’t go” –Burn draft cards Draft resistance- –10,000 flee to Canada –4,000 arrested (1-5 yrs. In jail) March on the Pentagon –Met w/tear gas, 700 arrested

12. War divides the nation Those who opposed the war- called doves Those who wanted greater military action- called hawks Many who weren’t certain still didn’t agree with protestors –Disloyal to America, bitter over losses –“America- love it or leave it”

13. Johnson’s policy Attacked by both sides- Johnson continues policy of slow escalation Creates problems in his own administration –Robert McNamara resigns to head the World Bank –“just didn’t make sense”