1. Growing Divisions Slavery & States’ Rights

2. Nullification 1828, Congress passed a high, protective tariff on goods manufactured in Europe. It was also called the "Tariff of Abominations“. – Received support from Northern states, where it served to increase the sale of goods in the U.S. – No support from Southern states because cotton was sent overseas in trade for manufactured items, thus saw the legislation as a threat to their economies. Put in place during the John Quincy Adams administration, and many hoped with Andrew Jackson’s presidency, the tariffs would be significantly reduced.

3. Ordinance of Nullification/ Nullification Crisis Vice President John C. Calhoun argued that the Southern states had the right to nullify, or cancel, the legislation since it was not in their best interest. – Calhoun’s opinion took a different position from President Jackson who was not in favor of nullification. In 1832, South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification – this asserted the state’s right over federal tariff legislation & justified secession from the Union It turned to a crisis – could South Carolina declare federal legislation illegal within its borders? (Which had more power, the federal gov’t or states?)

4. Nullification Crisis Ends On July 14, 1832, after Calhoun had resigned his office (first Vice President to resign from office), Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 which made some reductions in tariff rates. South Carolina was still not pleased & both the state and the government took actions for military force to be used. After more reductions to the tariffs, South Carolina repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 11, 1833.

5. John C. Calhoun Served as Vice President under both John Quincy Adams & Andrew Jackson. First VP born as a U.S. citizen First VP to resign from office In favor of slavery, states’ rights, limited government, & nullification.

6. Slavery = More Conflict Slavery continued to cause conflict between the Northern and Southern states. Some laws forced even those opposed to slavery to take actions in support of it. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 required the return of runaway enslaved people between states. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 made it a crime, punishable by a $1000 fine, to aid an enslaved runaway. Citizens were required to assist in capturing runaway enslaved people, even if the runaways had made their way to a free state.

7. Turner’s Rebellion Slave revolts were a constant concern among plantation owners. The plantation owners were outnumbered greatly by the slaves. In 1831, Nat Turner led six other enslaved people to kill the plantation family that owned Turner. The rebellion grew to about sixty enslaved people total.

8. Results of Turner’s Rebellion In all, fifty-five white people were killed. Some enslaved were caught & hanged. Many innocent blacks were also punished, some by death. Nat Turner was imprisoned & later executed. The rebellion increased fears of Southern plantation owners & led to tighter controls on enslaved blacks.

9. Missouri Compromise of 1820 Missouri applied for statehood in 1818. One of the first states from the LA Purchase – debate ensued on whether it would enter the Union as a free or slave state. Missouri Compromise of 1820 settled the impasse by banning slavery in all land within the LA Purchase lying above the 36°30’N parallel, with the exception of Missouri, which entered the Union in 1821 as a slave state. To balance the proportion of slave & free states, Maine entered the Union in 1820 as a free state.

10. Missouri Compromise of 1850 In 1850, California applied for statehood as a free state. To suppress southern fears, Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 – this included legislation allowed a state to determine its slave status, thus abandoning the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

11. Practice Questions Southern states believed they had the right to self-govern to protect their A) economic interests B) voting rights in Congress C) right to freedom of speech D) trade relations within the United States

12. Practice Questions Disagreement over which political policy fueled the Nullification Crisis? A) tariffs B) states’ rights C) slavery D) voting rights

13. Practice Questions What was the result of the slave rebellion of Nat Turner? A) abolition B) the Wilmot Priviso C) the Missouri Compromise D) greater restrictions on slaves

14. Practice Questions The Compromise of 1850 conflicted with the Missouri Compromise because A) it restricted slavery to states below the Mason-Dixon line. B) it assured that Congress would maintain a balance of free and slave states C) it allowed states to determine their slave status D) it called for an end to slavery by the beginning of the 20 th century.

15. Practice Questions How did the 1820 Missouri Compromise maintain a balance of free and slave states in the nation? A) the U.S. Senate is slow to abandon neutrality B) Missouri entered the Union as a slave state while Maine entered as a free state C) Congress agreed to allow states to vote on where they wanted to be free or slave D) the southern states agreed to abandon the Ordinance of Nullification and not secede.

16. Abraham Lincoln In 1858, future president Abraham Lincoln made the political statement that “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”