2. What is colonial rule? Superpower Geographies

3. Superpower Geographies 1. Superpower Geographies a) defining superpowers b) influencing power b) changing patterns of power c) theories explaining the growth of superpowers Learning Objectives: To know the difference between British imperialism and colonisation To explain the concept of colonial rule using a specific example Know basic reasons for the collapse of the British Empire © Geography Department, Sheffield College

4. Imperialism – a relationship of political, economic or cultural control between geographical areas Colonialism – the political rule of a nation by another Colonization – the physical settling of people from a colonial power within their colony. Which of these represents imperialism, colonialism or colonisation? The political control of Burma by Britain. The introduction of Christianity in countries. English people moving to live and work in India.

5. TASK: 1) Give your map the title “The British Empire in 1919” 2) Using an atlas, shade the British colonies below onto your map. Use only one colour. GUINEA (West Africa) CANADA INDIA MYANMAR (Burma) PAPUA NEW GUINEA AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND EGYPT SUDAN KENYA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE ZAMBIA GHANA IRELAND SIERRA LEONE GUYANA MALAYSIA YEMEN OMAN FALKLAND ISLANDS NIGERIA TANZANIA UGANDA BOTSWANA PAKISTAN CYPRUS BANGADESH JAMAICA HONG KONG Think! What do you notice about these countries? Why do you think these countries were colonised?

6. TASK: 1)Add these major trade routes to your map. 2)Include a key showing i) British colonies ii) trade routes The British Empire was founded on exploration and sea power. The Royal Navy dominated the seas from around 1700 – 1930. The Navy provided a link between the home country and overseas colonies. The Navy was also a symbol of MILITARY POWER UK > Guinea Guinea > South Africa South Africa > Kenya Kenya > India India > Malaysia UK > Falkland Islands Question: Using the knowledge you have so far, give a simple answer to this question. What was the British Empire?

8. What does this image represent? Colonial India What were the benefits of the UK having a colony in India? Exploit resources Exploit workforce COLONISATION

9. The current presidential palace in Delhi was built by the British as a symbol of political power. The navy surrounded the ports of India as a symbol of military power. In order to maximise exploitation the British ‘modernised’ India building an extensive rail network. The British also introduced: What power was being exerted by introducing these British traditions? IMPERIALISM CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

10. After the second world war the UK was bankrupt and could not support countries in its empire. Anti – colonial movements began and many countries pushed for independence. Most countries became independent by 1970. India became independent from Britain on 15 th August 1947.

11. Jared Diamond on colonialism in Africa “Africa today, paradoxically, is the poorest continent. I say paradoxically because this is where humans evolved, so [humans] had a huge head start in Africa. Tropical diseases kept the Europeans out at first, but those tropical diseases nonetheless pose a big public health and economic burden on Africa today. That is linked with colonialism. Europeans could not settle in large numbers, but what they still could do was to extract wealth from Africans, initially slaves, then rubber, diamonds, and copper. Basically that means robbing Africans and setting up legalized institutions for corruption. Colonialism also changed the Africans' traditional way of life. They moved to cities next to the mines where their immunities no longer provided protection against tropical diseases.” http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/07/0706_050706_diamond_2.html http://video.google.co.uk/videoplay?docid=- 4008293090480628280&ei=td9pS7HiIZbC- QaZ9tQJ&q=jared+diamond+guns+germs+and+steel+episode+1&hl=en&client=fir efox-a#

12. Modernisation Theory How could this theory influenced world powers and development? It was so influential that developing countries wanting to create the preconditions for take off by investing in key infrastructure and industries. The Asian Tigers are examples of where this succeeded. How were they able to implement the preconditions for take off?

13. What does this image illustrate? Why does this situation help to keep the rich, rich and the poor, poor? What are the flows to the developed world? What flows to the developing world? Manufactured goods – costly return for primary goods Aid Polluting industry Political and economic ideas Brain drain Raw materials – v little paid for resources Political support Debt repayment and purchase payments

14. Dependency Theory – An outcome of colonialism CorePeriphery Dependent area Relationship Investments Wealth PeripheryCore Cash Crops – Coffee Tobacco Development Remember this?

15. Dependency Theory A. G Frank – based on Marxist view ‘rich vs poor’. Reliant on capitalist core and underdeveloped periphery. Capitalist core keeps the periphery in a state of underdevelopment by exploiting its cheap resources, taking its most skilled workers and selling it its manufactured goods. The developing world helps to keep the developed world to become wealthier. ‘development of underdevelopment’ Aid is then needed to prevent the periphery from becoming restless.

16. Who are the exception? Which countries have adopted Rostow’s model and broken the dependency theory? The Asian Tigers Why? USA funding! Both economic support and aid. Why did they do this? – think back to how superpowers can exert and extend their influence. Strong capitalist economies in Asia would contain Communist China.

17. World Systems Theory Immanuel Wallerstein (US Sociologist 1930-) (http://www.agenceglobal.com/) To counter the periphery/core theory. Analysis of geographical patterns. Three tier world. Dynamic – allowing for change to take place. Countries can move between peripheral, semi- periphery and core.

18. India and China Why have their economies recently risen? 2 conflicting arguments: –Wallerstein argues Europe initiated industrial capitalism. –The rise of I and C another stage in the growth and spread of the global economy. –A. G Frank argues it’s a shift back to an older world order where I and C were powerful economic forces. –The global system was replaced for 500yrs by European hegemony. –European powers are the first NICs. Why should the global centre of economic gravity shift from east to west and back again?

19. Sample question: “With reference to the British Empire, explain the concept of colonial rule.” Homework Prepare a 5-10 PowerPoint slide presentation on either. Mackinders Heartland Theory Modernism Evangelical Christianity and Social Darwinism Jared Diamond’s ‘guns, germs and steel theory’