1. Cheyenne E. Cleveland University of Florida

2. To reveal the importance of active musical engagement during infancy.

3. Infants are able to listen to and respond to music within the womb (Harrison 2000; Ilari, 2002).

4. Infants can detect rhythmic patterns and cycles (Winkler et al., 2009). Infants are sensitive to the phase structure in music (Krumhansl & Jusczyk, 1990).

5. Singing to infants will enhance their vocabulary and communicational skills (Honig, 2004).

6. Music appears to aid in the overall PHYSICAL, SOCIAL, and EMOTIONAL development of infants (Walworth, 2009).

8. What are a few specific ways in which music directly affects the developmental status of infants? Physical Cognitive Emotional Does active musical instruction promote better developmental responses than typical non- musical instruction?

9. 15-20 Infants 4-12 months Therapy- receiving Minor developmental delays

10. PROCEDURES Group ONE Group TWO typical therapeutic instruction active musical therapeutic instruction

11. MIXED METHODS Qualitative: Quantitative Observations Therapist Interviews Ages and Stages Questionnaire Descriptive Data Collection Mean Median Mode Standard Deviation

13. Anonymous. (2012, June 18). Music lessons may benefit the diaper set. The Wall Street Journal (Online). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/ docview/1020910074 Cassidy, J. W., & Standley, J. M. (1995). The effect of music listening on physiological responses of premature infants in the nicu. Journal of Music Therapy, 32, 208-227. Cevasco, A. M. (2008). The effects of mother's singing on full-term and preterm infants and maternal emotional responses. Journal of Music Therapy, 45(3), 273-306. Fox, D. B. (2000). Music and the baby’s brain: early experiences. Music Educators Journal, 87(3), 23-50. Harrison, J. (2000). In-tune even in infancy. Lutheran Education, 136(2), 146- 147. Honig, A. (2004). Communicating with babies through music. Early Childhood Today, 18(5), 24-26. Ilari, B. (2003). Music and babies: A review of research with implications for music educators. Applications of Research in Music Education, 21(2), 23-29. Ilari, B., & Sundara, M. (2009). Music listening preferences in early life: Infants' responses to accompanied versus unaccompanied singing. Journal of Research in Music Education, 56(4), 357-369. Johnson, T. N. (2006). The effects of music on visual attending and vocalizations for infants with and without developmental delays. (Doctoral dissertation) Central Michigan University. Krumhansl, C. L., & Jusczyk, P. W. (1990). Infants' perception of phrase structure in music. Psychological Science, 1(1), 70-73. Lai, C. (2007). The nature of musical development in infants. (Doctoral dissertation) Temple University. Walworth, D. D. (2009). Effects of developmental music groups for parents and premature or typical infants under two years on parental responsiveness and infant social development. Journal Of Music Therapy, 46(1), 32-52. Winkler, I., Háden, G. P., Ladinig, O., Sziller, I., Honing, H., & Purves, D. (2009). Newborn infants detect the beat in music. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(7), 2468-2471.