1. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

2. Round and Round They Go! How are Earth, the moon, and the sun related in space? Earth spins on its axis and orbits around the sun. A body that orbits a larger body is called a satellite. Smaller bodies that travel around planets are natural satellites called moons. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

3. How are Earth, the moon, and the sun related in space? Gravity is the force that pulls all bodies that have mass toward other objects. Earth’s gravitational pull on the moon keeps the moon in orbit, forming the Earth-moon system. The distance between Earth and the moon is roughly 383,000 km (238,000 mi). Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

4. What does the moon look like from Earth? The moon is only visible from Earth when it reflects sunlight. Only one side of the moon, often called the near side, faces Earth. The moon rotates once on its axis for every 28.5 days it takes to revolve around Earth. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

5. What does the moon look like from Earth? Why do you always see the same side of the moon? Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

6. Like Earth, the moon moves through space in two ways. It revolves around Earth and also rotates on its own axis. The moon rotates slowly on its own axis once every 28.5 days. Because the moon also revolves around Earth every 28.5 days, a “day” and a “year” on the moon are the same length. This is the reason the same side of the moon always faces the Earth. Why do we only see the same side of the moon?

8. It’s Just a Phase! How does the appearance of the moon change? As the moon revolves around Earth, the portion of the moon that reflects sunlight back to Earth changes. The lunar phases are changes in the moon’s appearance due to its position in orbit around Earth. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

9. How does the appearance of the moon change? Lunar phases cycle monthly and begin with a new moon. The new moon is hard to see because Earth, the moon, and the sun are lined up, making the moon unlit. As the moon moves in its orbit, it reflects more sunlight, and its crescent shape grows larger. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

10. How does the appearance of the moon change? The moon waxes, or grows, until half of the near side is in sunlight. This is the first quarter. The gibbous phase is when the near side is more than half-lit but not fully lit. When the moon is fully lit, it is called a full moon. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses Quarter Gibbous Full

11. How does the appearance of the moon change? The lit portion of the moon shrinks, or wanes, during the third week of the cycle. When the near side is only half-lit in sunlight, it is three-quarters through the cycle. The phase is called the third quarter. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

12. How does the appearance of the moon change? When the moon is seen as waning crescent shapes, the cycle is almost complete. When the moon is again unlit as a new moon, the cycle is complete. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

14. Exploring Eclipses How do lunar eclipses occur? An eclipse is an event during which one object in space casts a shadow on another object. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves through Earth’s shadow. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

15. How do lunar eclipses occur? The umbra is the darkest part of a shadow. Around the umbra is a spreading cone of lighter shadow called the penumbra. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses Umbra penumbra Lunar Eclipse Earth Moon Sun Not to Scale

16. How do lunar eclipses occur? Before a lunar eclipse, the moon is a full moon. The moon moves into the penumbra shadow and becomes less bright. When the moon moves into the umbra, the moon is in total darkness. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

17. How do lunar eclipses occur? A total lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves completely inside the umbra. If the moon misses all or part of the umbra and a part stays lit, it is called a partial lunar eclipse. You do not see lunar eclipses each month because the moon’s orbit is tilted by about 5° relative to Earth’s orbit. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

18. Total Lunar Eclipse

19. Partial Lunar Eclipse

20. How do solar eclipses occur? When the moon is directly between the sun and Earth, the shadow of the moon falls on a part of Earth and causes a solar eclipse. When the sun’s light is completely blocked by the moon, it is a total solar eclipse. Outside the umbra, but within the penumbra, people see a partial solar eclipse. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

21. Umbra penumbra Moon Sun

22. How do solar eclipses occur? The moon’s umbra makes a shadow that is never more than a few hundred kilometers across. A total eclipse covers only a part of Earth and can only be seen in particular areas. A total solar eclipse happens somewhere on Earth every one to two years. Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses

23. How do solar eclipses occur? Why is a total solar eclipse visible over only a small portion of Earth? Unit 3 Lesson 2 Moon Phases and Eclipses Umbra penumbra Moon Sun

26. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

27. A Rising Tide of Interest What causes tides? Tides are daily changes in the level of ocean water. Tides are caused by the difference in the gravitational force of the sun and moon across Earth. The difference in gravitational force is called the tidal force. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

28. What causes tides? Because the moon is closer to Earth, the moon is mainly responsible for Earth’s tides. Water on the side of Earth closest to the moon bulges toward the moon. A bulge is created on both the near side and the far side of Earth, because on the opposite side of the Earth the gravitational attraction of the moon is less because it is farther away. Here, inertia exceeds the gravitational force, and the water tries to keep going in a straight line, moving away from the Earth, also forming a bulge. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

29. What are high tides and low tides? High tide is a water level that is higher than the average sea level. Low tide is a water level that is lower than the average sea level. Tidal bulges move around Earth following the motion of the moon. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

30. What are high tides and low tides? How do high tide and low tide move around Earth with respect to the moon? Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

31. Tide Me Over What are two kinds of tidal ranges? The moon’s tidal force is greater than the sun’s tidal force, which results in different tidal ranges. A tidal range is the difference between the levels of ocean water at high tide and low tide. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

32. What are two kinds of tidal ranges? Spring tides are tides that have the largest daily tidal range. Spring tides happen when the sun, moon, and Earth form a straight line. Spring tides happen during the new moon and full moon phases every 14 days. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

33. What are two kinds of tidal ranges? What causes the large tidal range of a spring tide? Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

34. What are two kinds of tidal ranges? Neap tides are tides that have the smallest daily tidal range. Neap tides happen when the sun, moon, and Earth form a 90° angle. During a neap tide, the gravitational effects of the sun and moon on Earth do not add together. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

35. What are two kinds of tidal ranges? During which moon phases do neap tides occur? Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

36. What causes tidal cycles? The moon revolves around Earth much more slowly than Earth rotates. A place on Earth facing the moon takes 24 hours and 50 min to rotate to face the moon again. So, the cycle of high tides and low tides at that place happens 50 min later each day. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

37. What causes tidal cycles? Because the tidal cycle occurs in 24 hours and 50 min intervals, it takes about 6 hours and 12.5 min for water in an area to go from high tide to low tide. It takes about 12 hours and 25 min to go from one high tide to the next high tide. Unit 3 Lesson 3 Earth’s Tides

38. Extreme Living Conditions Organisms living along coastlines must be able to survive at both high tide and low tide. Barnacles must survive the differences in water level and temperatures during tidal cycles. Starfish live in tidal pools where water remains during low tide. Ghost crabs scurry to avoid being underwater at high tide.