1. DISTRIBUTION OF POWER  2011 Clairmont Press

2. Distribution of Power  Governments can be classified based upon how they distribute power between central and local governments.  There are three ways:  Unitary  Confederation  Federal

3. Unitary  Central government has almost all of the power  Local governments are under control of the central government  Examples: absolute monarchy – where a king and his advisors make all the decisions

4. Unitary Power is held by the central government Central Government Local Government

5. Confederation Local governments hold all of the power Central government depends on the local governments for its existence; the central government only has as much power as the local government is willing to give it Example: United Nations

6. Confederation Power is held by the local governments Central Government Local Government

7. Federal  Power is shared between the national government and local governments.  The states have some powers that the national government does not have, and the national government has some powers that the state governments do not have.

8. Federal Power is shared between the national government and local governments. National Government Local Government

9. AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS KENYA, SOUTH AFRICA & SUDAN SS7CG2a The structure of modern government in Africa

10. Create the following chart Country Type of Govt Head of State Who Can Vote Degree of Personal Freedom for Citizens Year of Independence from Colonial Rule Kenya South Africa Sudan

11. IMPORTANT VOCABULARY please write these down on the back of your chart:  Republic ~Involves the government using and abiding by the constitution heavily. Personal rights are respected and cannot be taken away.  Constitutional republic ~a state where the head of state and other officials are elected as representatives of the people, and must govern according to existing constitutional law. Also, powers are separated. (Ex. U.S.A.)  Head of state~ the chief public representative of a country who may also be the head of government (President, Prime Minister, etc.)  President~ chief executive officer of a government; also the head of state.  Personal freedoms~ freedom of expression, freedom of movement, freedom of press, etc...

12. Republic of Kenya

13. Country Type of Government Republic of Kenya Republic, with one- house legislature called the National Assembly

14. Country Head of State Republic of Kenya Kenya had a presidential form of democracy until the election of 2007. The position of prime minister was established. President=Chief of State PM=Head of Govt.

15. Country Who Can Vote Republic of Kenya All citizens 18 years of age or older can vote

16. Country Degree of Personal Freedom for Citizens Republic of Kenya Freedoms are written into constitution but govt is dominated by the president. There have been improvements in rights recently. Limited freedom of speech and press and criticism of govt

17. CountryType of Government Head of StateWho Can Vote Degree of Personal Freedom for Citizens Year of Independence from Colonial Rule Republic of Kenya Republic, with one- house legislature called the National Assembly Kenya had a presidential form of democracy until the election of 2007. The position of prime minister was established. President=Ch ief of State PM=Head of Govt. All citizens 18 years of age or older can vote Freedoms are written in the constitution. The new constitution guaranteed many freedoms: freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and freedom from discrimination In 1963 from Great Britain

18. Checking for understanding- Stand up or sit down  If you think the statement below is true STAND UP, if you think it is FALSE, sit down!  Kenya had a prime minister and a president prior to a recent March 2013 election.

19. Republic of South Africa

20. CountryType of Government Republic of South Africa Republic, with two- house National Assembly (parliamentary)

21. CountryType of Government Head of State Republic of South Africa Republic, with two- house National Assembly President elected by the National Assembly (legislature) President answers to the National Assembly and may Only serve two five year terms.

22. CountryType of Government Head of State Who Can Vote Republic of South Africa Republic, with two- house National Assembly President elected by the National Assembly All citizens 18 years of age or older can vote

23. Country Degree of Personal Freedom for Citizens Republic of South Africa Personal Freedoms are numerous. The constitution ensures equality before the law and prohibits discrimination. It guarantees the right to life, privacy, property, freedom, and security of the person, and freedom of speech, religion, assembly and association. It prohibits slavery and forced labor.

24. Country Year of Independence from Colonial Rule Republic of South Africa South Africa became independent from Great Britain in 1910. The racially segregated government ended in 1994 when majority rule was established.

25. Checking for Understanding  Grab a partner (someone at your table)  If you and your partner think the statement is true, FACE each other. If you and your partner think it’s false, turn your backs to each other!  SOUTH AFRICA’S president can serve 3 FIVE YEAR terms.

26. Republic of Sudan

27. CountryType of Government Republic of Sudan coalition government run by an alliance of the National Congress Party (NCP) and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM)

28. CountryType of GovernmentHead of State Republic of Sudan A government of national unity was formed with a National Legislature. The government is dominated by the National Congress Party however President and Head of State lead the National Congress Party. Current president, Omar al Bashir is considered a dictator

29. CountryType of Government Head of StateWho Can Vote Republic of Sudan A government of national unity was formed with a National Legislature. The government is dominated by the National Congress Party however President and Head of State lead the National Congress Party. All citizens 17 years of age or older can vote

30. Country Degree of Personal Freedom for Citizens Republic of Sudan Citizens of Sudan have few real constitutional freedoms unless they are associated with the National Congress Party. Most government position are appointed. Elections are supposed to be held in the near future.

31. Country Year of Independence from Colonial Rule Republic of Sudan Sudan became independent of Egypt and Great Britain in 1956

32. A little background information on Sudan:  Number #1 on the list of worst dictators is Sudan’s current president, al Bashir.  Taking power in 1989, al Bashir and his regime abolished the existing government, suspended the Constitution, restricted freedom of press, and arrested prominent politicians.  The citizens DID NOT vote for al Bashir; he used his military force to become dictator

33. Kenya South Africa Sudan

34. SOUTH SUDAN b. Explain how political, economic, and social conflicts resulted in the independence of South Sudan.

35. Where is South Sudan?  East-Central Africa, south of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, west of Ethiopia  South Sudan is a republic  Capital city is called Juba

36. What happened?  The people who live in the region of South Sudan have wanted to be separated for years (since 1800’s)  They do not follow Islam  They do not get along with the other Sudanese people  When Sudan gained its independence in 1956, it was thought that the southerners would be able to participate fully in the government  However, the Arab government did not follow its promises

37. 2 Sudanese Civil Wars  This led to a revolt  1955-1972 1 st civil war  1983-2005 2 nd civil war  Around 2.5 million people died - mostly civilians - due to starvation and drought  Around 5 million people have been displaced or become refugees

38. Peace Talks?  Peace talks resulted in a Comprehensive Peace Agreement -signed in January 2005  As part of this agreement, the south was granted a six-year period of independence  These 6 years were to be followed by a vote on a final status  The result of the vote (held in January 2011) was a vote of 98% in favor of secession  Independence was attained on July 9, 2011

39. What now?  South Sudan is rich in oil reserves  However, it is landlocked and there is not much industry and growth  Widespread poverty  Govt spends a lot of money to maintain a large army

40. FAMINE AND DISEASE IN AFRICA

41. Georgia Performance Standards SS7CG3 The student will analyze how politics in Africa impacts standard of living. b. Describe the impact of government stability on the distribution of resources to combat AIDS and famine across Africa.

42. Background Information  The three biggest problems in Africa create a triangle of misery. 1. Civil war 2. Famine 3. AIDS  Africa is a large continent, but also the poorest continent in the world.  It had many natural resources before European colonization, but today there is widespread poverty.

43. Background Information (cont.)  Many health problems are caused or made worse by poverty.  Poverty creates poor living conditions, such as lack of clean water or food.  Those living in poverty often get sick.  They may live in crowded, dirty areas.  They may not have doctors or medicine.  They may not have the education to know how to stop the spread of disease.

44. Famine in Africa  Famine—occurs when a region does not have enough food for a long period of time  More than 25 million Africans needed emergency aid in 2008 and 200 million suffer from chronic hunger.  Factors that have led to famine in Africa: 1. Climate changes: drought (lack of rain) makes food scarce because crops die 2. Human forces, like wars, can disrupt farming which causes food shortages 3. Weak economies: Poor prices of African goods on the world market 4. Disease (like AIDS and malaria) 5. Poorly organized and/or corrupt governments (some even steal food from humanitarian organizations that should be going to the people)

46. Famine in Africa  There is simply not enough food on Earth for everyone to eat well.  Many people live where they cannot grow food or where food cannot be transported easily.  Sub-Saharan Africa (Africa south of the Sahara) has the highest risk of famine in Africa.  It is considered a Humanitarian Crisis—one in which many human lives are at risk in a region.

47. HIV / AIDS in Africa  Sub-Saharan Africa (the countries below the Sahara desert) is more heavily affected by HIV and AIDS than any other region of the world.HIVAIDS  An estimated 22.4 million people are living with HIV in the region - around two thirds of the global total.  In 2008 around 1.4 million people died from AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa and 1.9 million people became infected with HIV.  Since the beginning of the epidemic more than 14 million children have lost one or both parents to AIDS.children

49. HIV / AIDS in Africa  Average life expectancy in sub-Saharan Africa is now 47 years, when it could have been 62 without AIDS.  There are drugs that slow down the progress of HIV infection to AIDS, but there is no cure.  Education and prevention are the most important tools for fighting AIDS.  Africa needs more money to pay for education and prevention programs.

50. What do politics and economics have to do with AIDS?  As African countries gained their independence, the governments had to deal with civil wars and famine, so AIDS did not receive the attention it needed. (Health issues get worse because of political instability)  The African economies have suffered due the staggering burden of healthcare and lack of healthy workers. (Economies always suffer when health issues plague a country.)  Botswana did not have the political instability that other African countries did, so they have had the resources to help it citizens and was the first African country to offer drug therapy to all its citizens infected with AIDS.

52. Essential Questions  What are the 5 factors that have contributed to famine in Africa?  How has government stability impacted the distribution of resources to help fight famine and AIDS in Africa?  What are some realistic ways to help combat famine and AIDS in Africa?