1. #ENRTECH The Infrastructure Impact of Future Autonomous Connected Car Roger Melen, Toyota InfoTechnology Center U.S.A., Mountain View, California

2. #ENRTECH 2 What is an Autonomous Car? The exact definition of autonomous will vary greatly with each specific new car design.

3. #ENRTECH 3 New Connected Automation Technology Impact: New Freedoms in Driving CLOUD

4. #ENRTECH 4 The Research Challenges are Daunting and Some Will Require Time To Resolve Future Autonomous Connected Vehicle Frequency Band Allocations Latency Communication Protocol & Modulation Methods V2V technology Bandwidth Blindness and Uncertainty is Common in The Establishing The Significance of Emerging Research Data GPS Accuracy Algorithms Fiducial Position Wireless Roadway Markers Roadway Occlusions LIDAR failure during foul weather conditions Driver Cognitive State Greater Passenger and Pedestrian Safety More Free Time Reduced Stress Uncertain Legal Liability Less Fuel and Pollution Smoother Traffic Flow Differential GPS New Roadway Markers Proper Driving Speed Work During Commute

5. #ENRTECH 5 Downtown Urban Urban Arterial Rural Highway Rural Dirt Rural Paved Suburban Cloud Processing On Board Vehicle Wireless Big Data Fully Autonomous Vehicles Without Human Drivers May Need New Technologies Such As New Wireless Pavement Markers and New Differential GPS For Precise Roadway Navigation The Future Autonomous Car Will Need to Ultimately Support And Enhance All Kinds of Future Driving Experiences In All Kinds of Weather For All Users Great Early Benefits In Safety May Occur For The Elderly and Impaired Pavement Markers May Improve Positioning on All Weather Roadway

6. #ENRTECH References For Further Reading 6 1. Steve Schladover “How Vehicular Networking Can Enable Automated Driving”, IEEE VNC Amsterdam, Nov. 2011 http://www.ieee-vnc.org/2011/talks/Shladover.pdf http://www.ieee-vnc.org/2011/talks/Shladover.pdf 2. Steve Schladover, “Vehicle Automation: History, Myths and Reality. August 2013, http://files.meetup.com/7367342/Automation4NissanSiliconValley%20- %20Copy%20of%20last%20night%27s%20presentati.pdfhttp://files.meetup.com/7367342/Automation4NissanSiliconValley%20- %20Copy%20of%20last%20night%27s%20presentati.pdf 3. ITS Japan, “Proposal of Future Creation through ITS”, October 2013, http://www.its-jp.org/document/20131017/ITS-future-vision_e_131010.pdf 4. NHTSA, “Visual-Manual NHTSA Driver Distraction Guidelines For In-Vehicle Electronic Devices “, Informal document WP.29-160-34 (160 th WP.29, 25-28 June 2013, agenda item 2.3) 5. Nidhi Kalra, James Anderson, Martin Wachs, „Liability and Regulation of Autonomous Vehicle Technologies” California PATH Research Report UCB-ITS-PRR-2009-28 6. Eno Center For Transportation, “Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles”, October 2013,32pgs. https://www.enotrans.org/wp-content/uploads/wpsc/downloadables/AV-paper.pdf https://www.enotrans.org/wp-content/uploads/wpsc/downloadables/AV-paper.pdf 7. Paul Green, “Estimating Compliance With The 15-second Rule For Driver-interface Usability And Safety”, Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 43rd Annual Meeting-1999 www.umich.edu/~driving/publications/HFES- Green1999.pdf‎www.umich.edu/~driving/publications/HFES- Green1999.pdf‎ 8. Ching-Yao Chan, Han-Shue Tan, “Evaluation of Magnetic Markers as a Position Reference System for Ground Vehicle Guidance”, California PATH Research Report, UCB-ITS-PRR-2003-8, March 2003 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5wv1t1j7