1. Classical Rhetoric The Art of Persuading Your Audience

2. What is rhetoric? 4 Aristotle first defined rhetoric as “the power to see the possible ways of persuading people about a given subject.” 4 Teenagers are natural masters of rhetoric- they easily use language in hopes to persuade their friends, teachers and parents. 4 Rhetoric is everywhere! Whether it’s a politician using it for a vote, a teenager peer pressuring a friend or an adult writing a report at work- everyone uses rhetoric in some form or another. 4 If students understand how they can use rhetoric in their assignments, they will have the power to write effectively.

3. Who uses rhetoric? 4 Effective Communicators to create: * Direct persuasion (non-fiction) * Propaganda (non-fiction) * Author’s Purpose/Message/Theme (fiction and non-fiction) ***How they relate their ideas to the listener – reader – audience. ***

4. Three ways to master rhetoric 4 Logos = Logic and reasoning with facts 4 Pathos = (Passion) Empathy and feeling 4 Ethos = Ethics and Credibility

5. Three ways to master rhetoric #1 Logos = Logic and reasoning with facts Appealing to the mind Examines all sides Investigation Provides Evidence

6. Three ways to master rhetoric #2 Pathos = Empathy and feeling Attempts to elicit emotion Appeals to your “heart”

7. Three ways to master rhetoric #3 Ethos = Ethics and Credibility Appeals to what you know is right Is the writer/presenter/speaker someone you can trust? Does he/she have ‘credibility’?

8. Logos 4 Logos is the appeal for reason and logic. 4 Everything has facts and everyone needs facts in order to be convinced.

9. Logos 4 So, step one is to make sure you are using facts to back up your ideas when writing and speaking. 4 For example, “Studies show 9 out of 10 teachers prefer students who participate in class.”

10. Reasoning with logos 4 A fact is simply something you know exists or something you can verify with experimentation. 4 Two ways to use facts for your argument are inductive and deductive reasoning.

11. Pathos 4 Pathos is the appeal toward emotions. 4 In order to convince your audience you must appeal to your audience’s emotions.

12. Pathos 4 Even if you cannot convince the audience of your point, you must at least evoke some emotion, response, reaction or move/touch them in some powerful way. 4 Chances are you only learn from teachers who make you feel something in class rather than teachers who bore you with facts in a monotone voice.

13. Ethos 4 Ethos is the appeal to the audience. 4 In order for your audience to believe your facts and be affected by emotions, they must believe that you are a credible and reliable source.

14. Ethos 4 There are many ways to show off your character or expertise: correct grammar, high diction (vocab), citing a credible source and explaining extensive background knowledge on a subject. 4 Yoo probabley woudnt lissen to a english teacher if he wroat licke this.

15. Ethos 4 Bottom line: if you don’t sound like you know what you’re talking about, no one will listen

16. Audience 4 In order to have ethos and appeal to the audience, you must first understand who your audience is and for what purpose you’re writing.

17. Audience (informal) 4 If you were writing a high school sweetheart in class it might read “Hey baby, I love you.”

18. Audience (personal) 4 If you wrote a different letter to your grandparents it might start with “Dear Grandma and Grandpa,”…

19. Audience (formal) 4 And if you wrote a business letter for a class assignment, it would probably read “Dear Hiring Official,”…

20. Audience (academic) 4 As you can see, you must, must, must, must understand who you are writing to and why you are writing- even for essays and lab reports.

21. Using logos, pathos and ethos on your audience… 4 Depending on your audience, some will appeal more to logos (logic) rather than pathos (emotions) and visa versa, but a mixture of both need to be included.

22. Using logos, pathos and ethos on your audience… 4 If you were trying to convince your parents for a later curfew, they most likely will be persuaded by logos (logic): facts about where you’ll be going, who you’ll be going with, what you’ll be doing and how they can reach you. 4 However, even though they may appeal more to logos (logic), it’s not a bad idea to throw a little pathos (emotion) in as well.

23. Using logos, pathos and ethos on your audience… 4 On the flip side, if you are trying to peer pressure your friend - who is afraid of heights - to go on a high roller coaster, statements full of pathos (emotion) will work best: “Come on chicken…bawk, bawk, bawk, bawk” Even though peer pressure is just a manipulation of emotions, some teens might need some logos (logic) thrown in (like “This is the safest roller coaster in the country.” - etc). 4 However, if you have never been on the roller coaster yourself – there will be no ethos (credibility) to your argument.

24. Three ways to master rhetoric (Establishing an argument or creating author’s purpose or theme) 4 Logos = Logic and reasoning with facts 4 Pathos = Empathy and feeling 4 Ethos = Ethics and Credibility