1. CHAPTER 15: CIVIL WAR 1861-1865 15-1 – Why did each side in the Civil war think the war could be won easily? What challenges did they face? 15-3 – What were the causes and effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. border state – a slave state that did not secede emancipate – to set free Terms and People

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some people think Lincoln’s dismissal caused more southern states to secede. After the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked states to send troops to end what he called a “rebellion.” It did not appear that he thought the conflict would get bigger. The western counties of Virginia refused to secede. These joined the Union as the state of West Virginia.

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A key question for both sides was whether the border states would side with the Union or the Confederacy. Possession of the border states was critical because it meant control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Four border states did not secede: DelawareDelaware supported the Union. KentuckyKentucky started out neutral. After it was invaded by southern troops, Kentucky supported the Union. MissouriPresident Lincoln used force to keep Missouri in the Union. MarylandLincoln placed Maryland under martial law to keep it in the Union.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. a larger population more acres of farmland more factories more railroad tracks The North was confident that it would win the war by taking advantage of its resources. These included: The North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Union had an advantage over the Confederacy in resources.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On the other hand, the South had the advantage of land. If the North wanted to seize southern land, northern troops would have to invade unfamiliar areas. Also, the South had more experienced leaders. Three generals, including Robert E. Lee, had resigned from the U.S. Army to help the South.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The North planned a multipart strategy to defeat the South. Blockade southern ports. Seize Richmond. Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the South in two.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The South had a simpler strategy. They also sought help from Britain and other European nations that relied on the South for cotton. Southerners believed that they only needed to defend their land until the northern armies got tired of fighting.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many of these soldiers were young and inexperienced. When the Civil War began, thousands of soldiers volunteered for the Union and Confederate armies. Many families were divided. Both sides had their plans, but challenges presented themselves at every turn.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Life in an army camp was harsh. Soldiers faced boredom, disease, and even death. The camps were dirty and lacked clean water. Captured soldiers faced harsh conditions. Many soldiers died from outbreaks of disease. Thousands died from starvation or exposure in crowded prison camps.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Because many soldiers were unskilled, Union General Irvin McDowell wanted time to train his men. However, in the North, newspapers called for a quick end to the war. Union soldiers marched toward Richmond. During the First Battle of Bull Run, Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson and his men held firm.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the battle, inexperienced Union soldiers panicked and then retreated. The Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them. Bull Run was an early sign that the war would be long and costly for both sides.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. -Abraham Lincoln was reluctant to abolish slavery -Not all northerners were for abolishing slavery -Lincoln was afraid those border states would secede if he abolished slavery (pg 524) -Lincoln knew slavery was important to the South’s success -Torn between ending slavery and not

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The document freed slaves in areas that were fighting the Union. The Union had no power in these places. Few slaves were freed at first. After the Battle at Shiloh, On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lincoln’s proclamation did not apply to the border states or to areas under Union control.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The proclamation was both criticized and praised. Abolitionists said it should be applied throughout the country White southerners said Lincoln was trying to start a slave revolt. Union soldiers supported it because it weakened the South.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Emancipation Proclamation had important effects. Britain did not support the South. The Civil War became a struggle for freedom. African Americans united in support of the war. Effects of the Proclamation

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union allowed African Americans to serve in the military.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. African American soldiers faced extra risks. African Americans captured in the South became slaves again or were killed. Many soldiers were former slaves who had escaped or were freed during the war. When they were captured, they were not treated as prisoners of war.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Also, black and white soldiers were not treated as equals. African American soldiers served in all-black army regiments under white officers. The black soldiers earned less pay than the white soldiers.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The most famous battle in which African Americans participated occurred at Fort Wagner. Although the Union force was overpowered, they fought bravely. Many African Americans also supported the Union cause as army cooks, wagon drivers, and hospital aides.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After the war, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery throughout the nation. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the focus of the Civil War and, thus, the future of the United States. The fight was now about abolishing slavery.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war. Congress levied the first income tax in August 1861. The Union printed $400 million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in prices.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two key battles in 1863 turned the tide of the war for the Union—Gettysburg and Vicksburg.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In November 1863, 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the soldiers who died there. In his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln looked ahead to a final Union victory. “We here highly resolve that... this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.” Gettysburg Address

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House. The Confederates had only to give up their weapons and leave in peace. Grant offered Lee generous terms.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict the United States has ever fought with over half a million lives lost.

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Civil War had two key results. It reunited the nation. It put an end to slavery. However, African Americans did not begin to experience full freedom for another 100 years.