1. Review 1.Describe the difference in power between democracy and dictatorship 2.Explain how elections can be a false indicator for a democracy 3.How does a Unitary government work? 4.How is a Federal government different from a Confederate government? 5.Describe the difference between Parliamentary Governments and Presidential Governments 6.What is the difference between Equal opportunity and Equal outcomes? How does Equal opportunity protect individual freedom?

2. Colonial Government Structure Civics - Unit 1 Key Ideas: Models of Democracy in the Colonies Colonial Models of Government

3. Democratic Ideals in the Colonies Magna Carta (1215) Established an agreement between the English King and Barons to protect individual rights. Trial by Jury Petition of Right (1628) Limited power of the king Established laws of the land for all to follow (no one was above it). English Bill of Rights (1688) Limited the King’s Authority to tax Established right to a fair trial Protection from Excessive/Cruel and Unusual Punishment

4. Democratic Models in the Colonies Royal NH, MA, NY, NJ, VA, NC, SC, GA Oversight by the king Governor named by king Bicameral Legislature Upper house (courts) named by king Lower house voted on by property owners (responsible to the king). Proprietary MD, PA, DE Run by a landowner – granted by the king Governor named by proprietor Bicameral Legislatures – MD/DE Unicameral Legislature - PA Charter CT/RI No oversight by the king Governor elected by property owners Bicameral Legislatures – elected by people Laws were not subject to approval/appeals by the King

5. The Declaration of Independence Read The Declaration of Independence p.40-43 1.Organize the list of grievances into sections based on the basic principles of democracy. 2.Be prepared to analyze in class on Wednesday (responding to a prompt), the effectiveness of the Declaration of Independence as a democratic document.

6. THE NEW NATION Part 2a “We must be unanimous; there must be no pulling in different ways; we must hang together.” -John Hancock “We must indeed all hang together, or, most assuredly, we shall hang separately.” -Benjamin Franklin

7. Review 1.How did John Locke’s philosophy influence the Declaration of Independence? 1.Natural Rights 2.Social Contract 2.Where does executive power come from in a parliamentary government? 3.Which colonial structure was most democratic? 4.What is the difference between bicameral and unicameral governments? 5.Which of the three geographic distributions of power allows for the most balance?

8. Excerpt from The Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.

9. America’s Political Philosophy John Locke – The Second Treatise of Civil Government – Natural Rights Rights inherent in human beings, not dependent on governments philosophy states that the government’s role is to protect life, liberty and property People were governed by natural laws determined by their innate moral sense – Government must be built by the Consent of the governed (must agree on their rulers)

10. America’s Political Philosophy – Limited government protects natural rights and clearly restricts what rulers can do Government must provide standing laws (people must know laws) Preservation of property was government’s principle purpose – Separation of Powers – Montesquieu People in power will abuse power if given the chance In order to protect against this, power within a government must be separated and divided.

11. How was our Revolution Different from other revolutions? The American revolution represents an overthrow of a system of government based on widespread popular support. – Its primary goal was to restore what the colonists felt was theirs. – Radicals didn’t take over It did not cause widespread societal change like the Russian, Chinese, or Iranian revolutions.

12. The Government That Failed The Articles of Confederation – The first document to govern the United States. – Established a confederation among 13 states – Congress was unicameral – One House – Each State would have one vote – Congress had few powers; no president or national court system. – Congress couldn’t tax the states directly – Most government power rested in the states. – Couldn’t regulate commerce, so trade couldn’t develop

13. The Government That Failed Economic Turmoil – Postwar depression left farmers unable to pay debts Shays’ Rebellion – Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays to block foreclosure proceedings. – Economic elite concerned about Articles’ inability to limit these violations of individual’s property rights – Elites raised a privately funded force because neither congress nor the states could raise a militia

14. Making a Constitution: The Philadelphia Convention Gentlemen in Philadelphia – 55 men from 12 of the 13 states (Rhode Island chose not to come) – Mostly wealthy planters & merchants – Most were college graduates with some political experience

15. Core Philosophy of the Delegates Human Nature is self-interested – Government should play a role in containing impulses Political Conflict leads to factions – One faction could eventually tyrannize the other – Factions are similar to interest groups or political parties Purpose of Government was the preservation of property – Principal objective was an economic one Power should be set against Power – no one faction could rise above and overwhelm another – “Balanced Government was best – Influenced by Montesquieu – separate branches, separate powers, with checks and balances