1. 1 A clinico-microbiological study of diabetic foot ulcers in an Indian tertiary care hospital DIABETES Care; Aug 2006; 29,8 :1727-1732 FM R1 임혜원

2. 2 INTRODUCTION Worldwide, diabetic foot lesions are a major medical, social, and economic problem and the leading cause of hospitalization for patients with diabetes. Infectious agents are associated with amputation of the infected foot if not treated promptly.

3. 3 INTRODUCTION Proper management of these infections requires appropriate antibiotics selection based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility results However, initial management comprises empirical antimicrobial therapy, which is often based on susceptibility data extrapolated from studies performed on general clinical isolates.

4. 4 INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to detemine the microbiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of organisms isolated from patients with diabetic foot ulcers.

5. 5 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

6. 6 80 diabetic patients with clinically infected foot ulcers admitted to the endocrinology ward at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences over a period of >2 years were studied. Ulcers were graded using the Wagner classification.

7. 7 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age, sex, type and duration of diabetes, glycemic control during the hospital stay, presence of retinopathy, nephropathy (creatinine >= 150umol/l or presence of micro- or macroalbuminemia), neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, duration and size of ulcer, clinical outcome, duration of hospital stay were noted on each patient.

8. 8 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Osteomyelitis was diagnosed on suggestive changes in the radiographs and bone scans. All cases were monitored until discharge from the hospital.

9. 9 Microbiological methods Culture specimen were obtained at the time of admission, after the surface of the wound had been washed vigorously by saline, and followed by debridement of superficial exudates. Soft tissue specimens were promptly sent to the laboratory and processed for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

10. 10 Susceptibility testing Anti-microbial susceptibility testing of aerobic isolates –Performed by the standard disc diffusion method as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. All anaerobic isolates –Tested for susceptibility to metronidazole and amoxicillin/clavulanate by microbroth dilution test.

11. 11 Susceptibility testing Gram-negative bacilli –Tested for extended spectrum β -lactamase (ESBL) production by a double disc diffusion method Staphylococcus species –Tested for methicillin resistance by using 1- ㎍ oxacillin disc and oxacillin screen agar(6 ㎍ /ml) recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. MDROs –Defined as MRSA, bacteria-producing (ESBL), and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci.

12. 12 Antibiotic treatment Intravenous empirical antibiotic therapy of amoxicillin-clavulanate combination(1.2g i.v. every 8h) was started at admission for all the patients. This was switched to oral administration (625mg p.o. every 8h) Metronidazole (500mg i.v. every 8h) was added to the drug regimen if cellulitis or gangrene was also present.

13. 13 Statistical methods Quantitative variables were expressed as means SD while qualitative variables were expressed as percentages. The odds ratios (Ors) for having MDRO-associated ulcers were calculated. A two – tailed P value of <0.05 was taken as significant.

14. 14 RESULTS

15. 15 RESULTS Male was predominant(85.0%) in the study subjects. All patients had ulcers graded 3-5 in the Wagner classification. Type 2 diabetes : 88.8% Mean age : 53.9+/- 12.1 years Mean duration of diabetes : 11.8 +/- 5.7 Neuropathy : 86.2% Peripheral vascular disease: 85.0% Nephropathy : 75.0% Retinopathy and HTN : 72.5% Osteomyelitis : 62.5%

16. 16 A total of 183 isolates were detected from the 80 ulcer specimens, averaging 2.3 species per patient. Seventy percent of patients had infection due to two of three species, while more than three species could been in 12.5%. Aerobes only65.0% Anaerobes only 1.2% Both aerobic and anaerobic 33.8% G(+)13.8% G(-)28.7% Both G(+) and G(-) 57.5%

17. 17 »ESBL production : 44.7% » Proteus species – 65.3% » E.coli – 54.5%

18. 18 Among 80 patients, 58 had MDRO infected ulcers, 38 grew MRSA only, 8 grew both MRSA- and ESBL – producing bacteria, and 6 grew methicillin- resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and ESBL-producing bacteria in their ulcer. All the anaerobes were susceptible to metronidazole and amoxicillin/clavulanate.

19. 19

20. 20 CONCLUSIONS Though previous studies showed gram – positive aerobes as predominent in diabetic foot infections, we found gram-negative aerobic bacteria were most frequently isolated. –The ratio of gram-positive aerobes to gram-negative aerobes was 2:3 –The differences in the age-sex composition, ulcer grades, study setting,etc. between our study population and those of earlier studies might be the reaseon for these differences. High recovery of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa –This raises a serious concern as P. aeruginosa is an aggressive gram-negative Bacillus.

21. 21 CONCLUSIONS S.aureus was the most frequent pathogen, found in nearly 14% of infections. Enterococcus species were isolated nearly as frequently as S.aureus. Compared with earlier reports, fewer anaerobic species. –Clostridium species were rarely isolated. The only factors significantly associated with MDRO infection were the presence of neuropathy, ulcer size > 4 cm2, and osteomyelitis.

22. 22 CONCLUSIONS Adequate control of blood glucose levels is more common in patients with non – MDRO infected ulcers as compared with MDRO – infected ulcers. Though MDRO infections have been reported to increase hospital stay and cost, we found similar duration of hospital stay in both MDROs and non – MDROs.

23. 23 CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of MDROs was alarmingly high and was associated with increased requirement for surgical treatment. These findings suggest that prospective multicenter studies are required to assess the appropriate empirical antibiotic regimen in diabetic foot ulcers taking into consideration the etiology of ulcers.