1. Outline Object-Oriented Concepts Modeling Components Structured Method Evaluation Procedure Object-Oriented Methods Structured Methods Review of Object Orientedness of System Development Methods Conclusions

2. Object-Oriented Concepts Three principles that make OOD to improve software design for reliability and maintenance. Abstraction: Objects are an abstraction of parts of real-world. More maintainable and reusable. Encapsulation: Objects hide their internal contents from other components to improve maintainability. Inheritance: By organizing objects in class hierarchies to promote reuse.

3. Modeling Components Objects vs. Traditional Concepts of Entities and Functions Objects are close to entity concept. I.e. a collection of attributes, objects add activities to entity. Objects are a type with one or more instances of type, same as entity-type concept Objects instances may be changed by events and record state changes

4. Structured Method Evaluation Procedure Conceptual modeling: The data and processing control parts of a system are modeled in one unit rather than separately; The method produces model of objects communicating by messages; Models object types and instances; Classification of objects is supported with property inheritance.

5. Procedure and guidance The method should guide the analyst towards identifying and describing objects. Guidance should be available for analysis, specification and design phases. Transformations and products Design transformation should support change of OO specifications into designs implementable in OOP languages.

6. Object-Oriented Methods Hierarchical Object-Oriented Design (HOOD) The top-down hierarchical decomposition approach. HOOD is heavily geared towards an implementation in Ada. The main process in HOOD is called the Basic Design Step. "A Basic Design Step has as its goal the identification of child objects of a given parent object, and of their individual relationships to other existing objects, or the refinement of a terminal object to the level of the code. Object-Oriented System Design (OOSD) Object-Oriented Systems Analysis (OOSA) Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) ObjectOry

7. MethodAbstractionClassificationInheritanceEncapsulatio n Coverage (R-A-S-D-I) HOODYYPartialY ----- OOSDYYYY ------ OOSAYPartial-------- OOAYYY-------- ObjectOryYYYPartial -------- R-A-S-D-I: Requirements, Analysis, Specification, Design and Implementations Feature analysis of Object-Oriented methods

8. Structured Methods Structure System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) Standard structured method used for UK government projects Data-driven, 6 stages: 1. Analysis system operation and current problems 2. Specification of requirements 3. Selection of technical options 4. Logical data design 5. Logical process design 6. Physical design

9. Information Engineering (IE) Encourage data modeling Functional specification uses process dependency and action diagram, separated from data modeling Information System Activity and Change Analysis (ISAC) Structure Analysis/Structured Design (SASD) Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) Jackson System Development (JSD) Nijssen’s Information Analysis Method (NIAM) Mascot-3

10. MethodFunctional Process Data relationship Event sequence Coverage (R-A-S-D-I) Application IEYYY -------------IS ISACYYN ------IS SASDYNY ---------IS SSADMYYY -----------IS SADTYYN -----IS, RT JSDNYY --------IS, RT NIAMYYN --------IS (data intensive) MascotYNN --------RT IS: Information System, RT: real-time Summary of method specification models and approaches

11. Review of Object Orientedness of System Development Methods MethodObject ModelData + Activity Encapsulatio n Type + Instances Classification IEPossibleNNYN ISACYNNNN SASDYNNNN SSADMYNNYN SADTYNNNN JSDYYYYN NIAMPossible NYY MascotYYYYN

12. Conclusions Use of a particular system development method will bias implementation of OO systems, OO design may not derived from any specification. Data model and OO specification show considerable convergence. It is feasible to migrate from structured method such as JSD, IE and SSADM to OO Method. Functionally based development methods are less well suited to development of OO system. OO methods have yet proven in practice, they have little CASE tool support, lack of modeling techniques for reuse system development.