1. Chapter 3 – States of Matter

2. I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

3. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter. What are the three most common states of matter? - Solid - Liquid - Gas How would you describe what these states are to someone who didn’t know? I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

4. 3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 1. Solids - definite shape - definite volume Atoms in a solid are packed close together in an orderly arrangement I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter.

5. 2. Liquids - variable shape (takes shape of container) - definite volume Atoms in a liquid are free to move around one another I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter.

6. 3. Gases - variable shape (takes shape of container) - variable volume (fill container) Atoms in a gas are far apart from one another and free to move around I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter.

7. 4. Other states of matter Plasmas Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A. Describing the states of matter.

8. B. Kinetic Theory kinetic energy (KE) – energy an object has due to its motion the faster an object moves the more kinetic energy it has all particles of matter in constant motion the particles in all matter are attracted to one another I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

9. Kinetic Theory

10. C. Explaining the Behavior of Gases gas particles have a great deal of kinetic energy constant motion allows a gas to fill its container the particles are moving too fast for attractions to have any effect variable volumevariable shape I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

11. D. Explaining the Behavior of Liquids liquid particles are more closely packed compared to a gas there is a tug-of-war between particle motion and particle attraction liquid particles have less KE than gas particles definite volumevariable shape I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

12. E. Explaining the Behavior of Solids solid particles very closely packed solid particles only vibrate around fixed positions solid particles have the least KE definite volumedefinite shape I. Solids, Liquids, and Gases

14. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws A. Pressure - measured in Pascals (N/m 2 ) - force distributed over an area

15. 3.2 The Gas Laws The atmosphere’s pressure is measured using a barometer. II. The Gas Laws

16. 3.2 The Gas Laws II. The Gas Laws

17. 3.2 The Gas Laws Collisions of gas particles with container walls cause pressure II. The Gas Laws

18. 3.2 The Gas Laws B. Factors affecting gas pressure (there are 3) Basketball goes flat after using it for awhile in the cold weather, until you warm it up 1. Temperature - increased temperature increases KE of particles - particles move faster, collide with walls more - higher T, greater pressure II. The Gas Laws

19. 3.2 The Gas Laws 3 factors affecting gas pressure 2. Volume - decrease volume, particles collide with walls more often - lower V, greater pressure II. The Gas Laws As the volume is decreased the air pressure inside is increased

20. 3.2 The Gas Laws 3 factors affecting gas pressure 3. Number of particles - more particles to collide with walls more often - more particles, greater pressure As more particles are added the pressure increases II. The Gas Laws

21. 3.2 The Gas Laws C. Charles’s Law – The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvins - as temperature increases, volume increases II. The Gas Laws

22. 3.2 The Gas Laws Absolute zero – 0 Kelvin (can’t get any colder) Charles’s Law II. The Gas Laws

23. 3.2 The Gas Laws D. Boyle’s Law – The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure - as volume decreases, pressure increases II. The Gas Laws

24. 3.2 The Gas Laws Boyle’s Law II. The Gas Laws

25. Algebra Practice 1.AB = XY Solve for X 2.4B = X-YSolve for X 3.2AB = XYSolve for A 4. A = XSolve for A B Y 5.A = X Solve for X B Y 1.AB = XY Solve for X 2.4B = X-YSolve for X 3.2AB = XYSolve for A 4. A = XSolve for A B Y 5.A = X Solve for X B Y

26. Algebra Practice 1.AB = XY Solve for X 2.4B = X-YSolve for X 3.2AB = XYSolve for A 4. A = XSolve for A B Y 5.A = XSolve for X B Y 1.AB = XY Solve for X 2.4B = X-YSolve for X 3.2AB = XYSolve for A 4. A = XSolve for A B Y 5.A = XSolve for X B Y = AB / Y = 4B + Y = XY / 2B = BX / Y = AY / B

27. 3.2 The Gas Laws E. Combined Gas Law - a combination of Charles’ and Boyle’ Laws II. The Gas Laws P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2

28. Units Pressure: Pascals(Pa) ORatmosphere(atm) Volume:Liters(L)ORmeters cubed(m 3 ) Temperature: Celsius(C)ORKelvin(K) Pressure: Pascals(Pa) ORatmosphere(atm) Volume:Liters(L)ORmeters cubed(m 3 ) Temperature: Celsius(C)ORKelvin(K)

29. The Gas Laws V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2 V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2 Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law Combined Gas Law

30. Solving Gas Law Problems Write the name of the law that applies. Write a description what is happening in the problem. Write the equation of the law that applies. Plug in all known values into the equation Solve the equation Write the name of the law that applies. Write a description what is happening in the problem. Write the equation of the law that applies. Plug in all known values into the equation Solve the equation

31. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!)

32. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Charles’s Law (relates T and V) Boyle’s Law (relates P and V)

33. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Charles’s Law (relates T and V)

34. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) Volume getting bigger, temperature changing

35. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2 P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

36. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) V 1 = V 2 T 1 T 2

37. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) 3.00 = 5.00 300 T 2

38. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) T 2 = 300(5.00) 3.00 3.00 = 5.00 300 T 2 3.00(T 2 ) = 300(5.00)

39. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) T 2 = 500

40. Solving Gas Law Problems a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation a.Write the name of the law that applies. b.Write a description what is happening in the problem. c.Write the equation of the law that applies. d.Plug in all known values into the equation e.Solve the equation Jack’s balloon has a volume of 3.00 L at 300 K (about room temperature). His balloon can expand to 5.00 L before it will pop. If Jack puts his balloon into the oven, at what temperature will his balloon burst? (MAKE SURE YOUR ANSWER HAS THE CORRECT UNITS!!) KT 2 = 500

41. 3.2 The Gas Laws E. Combined Gas Law II. The Gas Laws P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 T 1 T 2

42. Section 3.2

50. 3.2 The Gas Laws What gases have been used in balloons that carry passengers? Why do the particles of a gas inside a balloon fill the entire balloon? What causes a hot-air balloon to lift off and rise from a surface? Why did Piccard design the balloon so that it could become airborne when it was only partially filled? Why must the air pressure inside the cabin be controlled? Riding on Air II. The Gas Laws

51. A. Characteristics of Phase Changes Phase Change – substance changes from one state to another (it is a reversible physical change) III. Phase Changes

53. 1. Temperature and Phase Changes: We can use temperature as a way to determine when a phase change is taking place The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change III. Phase Changes

54. Figure 16 III. Phase Changes

55. The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change. Instead the energy added is used to overcome the attractions between molecules III. Phase Changes

56. The temperature of a substance does not change during a phase change Time (minutes) Temperature (ºC) melting (0 ºC) boiling (100 ºC) III. Phase Changes

57. Time (minutes) Temperature (ºC)

58. + = SOLIDLIQUID III. Phase Changes 2. Energy and Phase Changes

59. + = LIQUID GAS III. Phase Changes 2. Energy and Phase Changes

60. Energy is absorbed or released during a phase change Endothermic change - energy absorbed by a substance Melting is an example of an endothermic change III. Phase Changes

61. Energy is absorbed or released during a phase change Exothermic change - energy is released by a substance Freezing is an example of an exothermic change III. Phase Changes

62. B. Melting and Freezing The arrangement of molecules in water becomes less orderly as water melts and more orderly as water freezes. III. Phase Changes

63. The arrangement of molecules becomes LESS orderly 1. Melting melting (Endothermic) III. Phase Changes

64. melting 2. Freezing freezing The arrangement of molecules becomes MORE orderly (Exothermic) III. Phase Changes

65. Freezing Attractions between particles have an effect III. Phase Changes

66. C. Vaporization and Condensation Vaporization - change from liquid to a gas - two types of vaporization Condensation – change from gas to liquid III. Phase Changes

67. melting freezing Vaporization vaporization Molecular arrangement less orderly (Endothermic) III. Phase Changes

68. Two Types of Vaporization 1. Evaporation – takes place at the surface of liquid III. Phase Changes

69. 1. Evaporation – takes place at the surface of liquid Two Types of Vaporization III. Phase Changes

70. 1.Evaporation - takes place at the surface of liquid - can occur at temperatures below boiling. Vapor pressure – pressure exerted by the vapor above a liquid Two Types of Vaporization III. Phase Changes

71. 2. Boiling – bubbles form within the liquid when the vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure Two Types of Vaporization III. Phase Changes

72. Vaporization III. Phase Changes

73. melting freezing vaporization Molecular arrangement more orderly (Exothermic)3. Condensation condensation III. Phase Changes

74. C. Sublimation and Deposition 1.Sublimation – change from solid to a gas 2.Deposition – change from a gas to asolid 1.Sublimation – change from solid to a gas 2.Deposition – change from a gas to asolid III. Phase Changes

75. Molecular arrangement less orderly (Endothermic) melting freezing vaporization condensation Sublimation sublimation III. Phase Changes

76. Molecular arrangement more orderly (Exothermic) melting freezing vaporization condensation sublimation Deposition deposition III. Phase Changes

77. Sublimation and Deposition III. Phase Changes

78. 1. Why would Earth’s weather be much different without water? 2. When water freezes, it behaves differently than other substances. How so? 3. Why does water behave as you explained in the previous question? 4. If water didn’t behave this way when it froze, what would happen to all the aquatic life in a pond during the wintertime? 5. Is it possible that some very deep ponds and lakes would never completely thaw out? 6. What is a popcorn hull? 7. Why does popcorn pop? 8. Does the method by which popcorn pops remind you of any particular gas law? It should!! Which one? 9. What prevents some popcorn kernels from popping? 10.Does the popping of a corn kernel require an exothermic or endothermic change of water? III. Phase Changes

79. condensation solid kinetic energy deposition exothermic phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation III. Phase Changes

80. Chapter 3 Vocabulary solid kinetic energy deposition exothermic phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

81. Chapter 3 Vocabulary kinetic energy deposition exothermic phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

82. Chapter 3 Vocabulary deposition exothermic phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

83. Chapter 3 Vocabulary exothermic phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

84. Chapter 3 Vocabulary phase change pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

85. Chapter 3 Vocabulary pressure absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

86. Chapter 3 Vocabulary absolute zero Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

87. Chapter 3 Vocabulary Boyle’s law endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

88. Chapter 3 Vocabulary endothermic liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

89. Chapter 3 Vocabulary liquid vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

90. Chapter 3 Vocabulary vaporization evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

91. Chapter 3 Vocabulary evaporation vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

92. Chapter 3 Vocabulary vapor pressure gas Charles’s law sublimation

93. Chapter 3 Vocabulary gas Charles’s law sublimation

94. Chapter 3 Vocabulary Charles’s law sublimation

95. Chapter 3 Vocabulary sublimation