2. PUNCTUATION CARD #1: Use a period at the end of a complete sentence. Use a ? after a sentence which asks a question? Use an ! after a sentence which shows force or enthusiasm!

3. PUNCTUATION CARD #2: Use a comma after parts of a date. Use commas between city and state in addresses. Use a comma after "Yes," "Oh," "No,'" and "Well," when these words begin a sentence (Unless these words are part of an exclamation ).

4. Use a comma to set off the name of a person you are speaking to directly. Ex. Bill, please be quiet! PUNCTUATION CARD #3

5. PUNCTUATION CARD #4 Use a comma to separate items in a series.

6. Punctuation Card #5 Use a comma when a short clause changes a statement into a question. Ex. “I did say that, didn’t I?”

7. Punctuation Card #6 Use a comma to set off words or phrases which explain the words they follow. Ex. My uncle, who lives in Italy, grows grapes.

8. Punctuation Card #7 Use a comma after word groups that are used as introductions. Ex. As I was leaving, Izzy waved goodbye!

9. Punctuation Card #8 Use a comma after the salutation and closing of a friendly letter, and only after the closing of a business letter.

10. Punctuation Card #9 Underline (italics) titles of: books, plays, periodicals, works of art, movies, TV programs, CD’s, long musical compositions, trains, ships, airplanes, and spacecraft. Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works, such as: short stories, poems, songs, articles, and chapters.

11. Punctuation Card #10 Use a comma between sentences joined by: and, but, or, for, nor, so, or yet. Ex. The players were eager to play the game, but it rained, so the game was cancelled!

12. Punctuation Card #11 Semicolon use: A semicolon is used primarily to join independent clauses that are closely related in meaning. Use a semicolon instead of a comma between independent clauses when they are not joined by: and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet. Example: On our trip to the zoo, I went to the snake house; my sister went to see the tigers.

13. Punctuation Card #12 Semicolon use Use a semi-colon between items in a series if the items contain commas. Ex. The N. Y. Knicks starting line-up is Derek Harper, P.G.; John Starks, G.; Charles Smith, F.; Charles Oakley, P.F.; and Patrick Ewing,C.

14. Punctuation Card #13 Colon use A. Use a colon to show something is to follow Ex. I want you to copy the following from the board: B. Use a colon when writing the salutation of a business letter. Ex. Dear Sir:

15. Punctuation Card #14 Quotation Marks Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation. Ex. His exact words were, “Pass it on!” A direct quotation begins with a capital letter and is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, a ?, or an ! but not by a PERIOD.

16. Punctuation #15 A. A period or comma is always placed inside the quotation marks. Ex. Brad said, “ I love Poe’s stories.” B. If the quotation is a question or an exclamation, the ? or ! goes inside the quotation marks. “Jessica, are you going to the dance?”

17. Punctuation Card #16 When the expression identifying the speaker interrupts a quoted sentence, the second part of the quotation begins with a small letter. Ex. “ What are some of the things,” asked Mrs. Gregg, “ that the astronauts discovered on the moon?”

18. Punctuation Card # 17 When the 2 nd part of a divided quotation is a sentence, it begins with a capital letter! Ex. “ I just love Forever 21 at the Mall,” remarked Heather. “They have neat products there.”

19. Punctuation Card # 18 A. Use a hyphen to divide a word at the end of a line ( Do not divide a one- syllable word.) Ex. “I hope you will be comfort- able in that seat,” she said. B. Use a hyphen with any number under 100 and over 20 with fractions if used as an adjective. Ex. Twenty-three; Two-thirds of the class did not comply.

20. Punctuation Card # 19 Use a hyphen to link the parts of compound nouns. Ex. Ex-president

21. Punctuation Card # 20 A. Divide an already hyphenated word at the hyphen. Ex. “ Joan really likes her step- father,” said Anne. B. Do not divide a word so that one letter stays alone. Incorrect: They stayed o- vernight at Kim’s house.

22. Punctuation Card # 21(A) The DASH A. Use a dash to separate an introductory series of thought from the explanation, which follows. Example Making the swimming team- that was my main goal. Ex. Decorations in red and black – these colors give the party a Chinese Flavor.

23. Punctuation Card 21(B) B. Use a pair of dashes to separate sudden thought from the rest of the sentence. Ex. Mrs. Welch- she just left- will be one of the judges at the talent show.

24. Punctuation Card 21(C) C. Use paired dashes to enclose a phrase or clause which shows a sudden break in thought or a sharp change in tone. Ex. We have all dreamed at one time or another –now admit it- of being famous!

25. Punctuation Card #22 Use parentheses to enclose materials included in a sentence, but are not considered a major importance. Ex Fill in the order form. (Do not use pencil)

26. Punctuation Card #23 When you have a quotation inside a quotation, use single quotation marks. (This is the apostrophe on the keyboard.) Example: My father said, “Ben Franklin gave good advice when he said: ‘Early to bed, early to rise.’”

27. Punctuation Card #24 Use an apostrophe to show that a letter or letters have been omitted from contractions. Ex. Can’t, o’clock, isn’t Use an apostrophe to show that the 1 st two numbers have been omitted from a year. Ex. ’80, ‘03

28. Punctuation Card #25 Use an apostrophe to form the plural of letters, numbers, + words. Ex. He’s in his late 20’s. There are four i’s in Mississippi. Note: No apostrophe is needed when making centuries and decades plural. Ex. What will the 2020s be like ? Photography was invented during the 1800s

29. Punctuation Card #26 A. Add an apostrophe and an S to make a singular noun possessive. Ex. Bill’s car, child’s toy. B. To show possession, add an apostrophe and an S to a plural noun that doesn’t end in S. ex. Women, women’s, children, children ‘s C. When a plural noun ends in S, add only an apostrophe to show possession. Ex. Dogs/dogs’ windows/windows’

30. Punctuation Card #27 Citations for Sources used Book by one author Fixx, James F. The Complete Book of Running. New York: Random, 1977.

31. Punctuation Card # 28 Citations for sources used Book by more than one author Balancine, George, and Francis Mason. 101 Stories of the Great Ballets. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

32. Punctuation Card # 28 Con’t Book by 3 or more authors, use et al. ( and others) Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California Press, 1993.

33. Punctuation Card #29 Article from a magazine Cannon, Angie and David L. Marcus. “The Boy Under the Desk.” U.S. News and World Report. 26 July 1999: 22 +

34. Punctuation Card # 30 Article in an encyclopedia ( no author given) “Comets, Meteors, and Meteorites.” The New Book of Knowledge. 1991 ed.

35. Punctuation Card #31 Article from the World Wide Web Rockmore, Anne. “Five Worst Teen Jobs.” National Consumers League. 30 June 1997. 3 Aug. 1999 http://www.natlconsumersleague. org./worstjob.html. http://www.natlconsumersleague. org./worstjob.html

36. Punctuation Card #32 Ellipsis(…) Used to show an omission. Ex. “ He wore the look of one who knows…of a terrible disease….” (979 brown textbook)