1. Ch 9/10 Earth’s Water Part 2: Lessons 6 - 8
Ch 10 Groundwater 1

2. The Movement and Storage of Groundwater
Lesson 6
The Movement and Storage of Groundwater 2

3. Does your family drink well water?
Think About It…
Does your family drink well water? 3

4. How does groundwater move through the lithosphere?
Focus Question…
How does groundwater move through the lithosphere?
How are flood events affected by groundwater levels? 4

5. Precipitation and Groundwater…
Remember the water cycle?
Most water in the atmosphere comes from oceans!
Most precipitation that falls on land becomes groundwater.
Eventually groundwater will…
… return to the ocean to complete the water cycle.

6. Groundwater Storage… 1. Porosity is…
…the percentage of pore space in a material
2. The types of soil that have -
a. highest porosity - well- sorted
b. lowest porosity – poorly- sorted

7. Groundwater Storage… in the pore spaces of rocks & sediments
1. Groundwater is stored…
in the pore spaces of rocks & sediments
…and can be compared to a hard sponge

8. Figure 10-1
Page 241
TOP
LABEL the well-sorted and poorly-sorted sides!

9. Groundwater Storage… 3. The zone of saturation is the…
… depth below surface where groundwater completely fills all the pores
4. The water table is the …
… upper boundary of the zone of saturation

10. 2. Groundwater Storage (p. 421)
soil
Zone of aeration
Water table
Zone of saturation

11. Groundwater Storage…
5. The depth of the water table varies…
…in swampy areas- water table is at or almost at surface,
…in arid regions -water table is far beneath surface
Green Swamp, FL

12. Groundwater Storage… If the water table is
high, it is more likely to flood.
low, it is less likely to flood.
7. The water table fluctuates with the seasons and weather conditions because…
it depends on rain to recharge it

13. Groundwater Movement: Permeability…
1. What is permeability?
ability of a material to let water pass through
What subsurface materials are permeable?
sand, sandstone, & gravel (good for parking lots so water can infiltrate)
What subsurface materials are impermeable?
clay, silt, shale, & pavement (bad for infiltration!)
Why is clay used to line ponds & landfills?
It is impermeable (our storm drainage pond)

14. Groundwater Movement: Aquifers…
An aquifer
… underground storage area for water (permeable rock layers)
An aquiclude
… impermeable layer above or below an aquifer.

15. Groundwater Movement…
Confined aquifer
aquiclude

16. Groundwater Systems, Use, and Threats!
Lesson 7
Groundwater Systems, Use, and Threats! 16

17. Think About It… Where does the water in a spring come from?
Have you ever been swimming in a spring? 17

18. What are the unique features of springs?
Focus Question…
What are the unique features of springs?
How can the use of wells lead to aquifer depletion, subsistence, and saltwater intrusion?
What are threats to our groundwater? 18

19. Springs… Ground water discharges (comes out) at… 1.Earth’s surface
2. These natural discharges of water are called…springs
3. Water may flow out of a rock when…
It’s where an aquifer meets an aquiclude at Earth’s surface (a spring!)

20.
Ponce De Leon Springs

21. Location of Springs:  Fault-blocked Perched Water Table  Road Cuts 
Limestone Regions 

22. Springs flowing out of road- cut mountainside – 421 N

23. Hot Springs… 4. The temperature of ground water is…
same as average annual temperature
5. Hot springs are…
have temperatures higher than the human body
Hot springs are so hot because… the subsurface is still hot from recent igneous activity
Picture on next slide 

24. Hot Springs at Yellowstone N.P.

25. Mammoth Hot Springs Yellowstone

26. Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone NP
Springs and Geysers…
Old Faithful Geyser Yellowstone NP
5. Most hot springs in our country are found in the…
western states
6. A geyser is an …
explosive hot spring that erupts at regular intervals

27. Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

28. Wells… 1. A well is… a hole dug to reach groundwater
2. A cone of depression is produced by…
over pumping wells
3. Drawdown is…
the difference b/tw the original water table level and that of a pumped well
5. Recharge is…
water from rain or runoff is added to an aquifer

29. http://pubs. usgs. gov/gip/gw_ruralhomeowner/gw_ruralhomeowner_new
Wells: Figure 10-15, p. 252

30. Wells… The entire water table can be lowered due to…
…overuse of wells
Ground above an overused well can…
…sink!
This is called subsidence

31. Groundwater Use
8 & 9. In the USA, 23% of all freshwater is obtained from…
… aquifers (groundwater)
… Florida, Hawaii, and Nebraska depend almost entirely on groundwater.

32. Environmental Issues: Saltwater Intrusion…
… saltwater intruding into coastal wells…
… Outer Banks (on coast)
… too many wells 32

33. Six Threats to Our Groundwater Supply…
Overuse
Subsidence
Pollution (sewage, industrial waste, landfills, agriculture)
Chemicals (not filtered out by sediments; hard to remove from groundwater)
Salt (esp. coastal areas)
Radon (radioactive decay of uranium in rocks – esp. granite and shale)

34. Protection of Groundwater…
Identify and eliminate pollution sources.
Monitor pollution.
Pump groundwater to surface and treat it.

35. Lesson 8
Groundwater Erosion 35

36. Why do some homes in Florida get swallowed up by the ground?
Think About It…
Why do some homes in Florida get swallowed up by the ground? 36

37. What are the unique features of caves?
Focus Question…
What are the unique features of caves?
What features are found in an area with Karst topography? 37

38. Caves…
What is a cave?
A natural underground opening with a connection to Earth’s surface
Which acid forms caves?
Carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 in the soil)
Which rock is eroded by this acid to form a cave?
limestone

39. Caves of the USA… Mammoth Cave, Kentucky Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mexico
Lechuguilla Cave, N. Mexico

40. Mammoth Cave: A Closer Look…

41. Cave Formations…

42. Karst Topography: Sinkholes…
1. What is a sinkhole?
A depression in the ground caused by the collapse of a cave

43.
Karst Topography
2. Karst topography are limestone regions that have sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams – named for an area in Croatia.
A aerial photograph of a classic Karst terrain north of Lewisburg, WV

44. Karst Topography…

45. Karst Topography Missouri

46. Hard Water…
4. Hard water is water that contains high concentrations of calcium, magnesiun, or iron.
Common in limestone areas
Causes deposits of calcium bicarbonate and can clog water pipes. (p. 247)
More soap must be used