1. Haitian Revolution By Emily Kim, Corie Hahn, Andrew Nogamoto

2. Introduction...

3. Background of Haiti Known as Saint-Domingue Haiti was part of the island Hispaniola, originally claimed by Columbus as Spain’s property Treaty of Ryswick divided the island in half so the French could take over the northwestern part of it - Haiti French began planting sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, and other profitable crops and it became very productive Producing 40% of the world’s sugar supply, soon Haiti became the richest colony in the world Known as Saint-Domingue Haiti was part of the island Hispaniola, originally claimed by Columbus as Spain’s property Treaty of Ryswick divided the island in half so the French could take over the northwestern part of it - Haiti French began planting sugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, and other profitable crops and it became very productive Producing 40% of the world’s sugar supply, soon Haiti became the richest colony in the world

4. White Landowners Wealthy white Frenchmen who owned plantations Very pro-slavery Ruled the Saint-Domingue Defied the laws of France Independent Wealthy white Frenchmen who owned plantations Very pro-slavery Ruled the Saint-Domingue Defied the laws of France Independent

5. Petit Blancs Often had few slaves but were still not very wealthy More loyal and obedient to France Less independent-minded Competed with the free colored men Very anti-black

6. Free Men of Color  Also known as the gens de coleur  Some were richer than the wealthy whites  Half were mulattoes, slaves born between a master and his slave  Other half was slaves freed by their masters, some had purchased their freedom, but there were various other reasons  Denied their African roots and strived to become like the whites  Very pro-slavery, and treated their slaves horribly  Wanted Haiti independence so they could be free and legal citizens  Also known as the gens de coleur  Some were richer than the wealthy whites  Half were mulattoes, slaves born between a master and his slave  Other half was slaves freed by their masters, some had purchased their freedom, but there were various other reasons  Denied their African roots and strived to become like the whites  Very pro-slavery, and treated their slaves horribly  Wanted Haiti independence so they could be free and legal citizens

7. Slaves Outnumbered the free people by 10 to 1 The treatment of slaves was especially cruel in Haiti Some slaves who ran away deep in to the mountains were called the Maroons, and they managed to retreat in villages and continue their African architecture, customs, and religion. Kept fighting back at their owners One unavoidable way the slaves rebelled was using poisons to kill their masters Outnumbered the free people by 10 to 1 The treatment of slaves was especially cruel in Haiti Some slaves who ran away deep in to the mountains were called the Maroons, and they managed to retreat in villages and continue their African architecture, customs, and religion. Kept fighting back at their owners One unavoidable way the slaves rebelled was using poisons to kill their masters

8. What lead to the Revolution....

9. Clash among the people  The wealthy white landowners supported Haiti to become an independent country where the whites could own slaves and rule over the blacks  Petit blancs felt serious competition from the free colored men, and despised all blacks  Free men of color wanted equal treatment and fought for their legal citizenship  Slaves wanted freedom and fought against the free people  The wealthy white landowners supported Haiti to become an independent country where the whites could own slaves and rule over the blacks  Petit blancs felt serious competition from the free colored men, and despised all blacks  Free men of color wanted equal treatment and fought for their legal citizenship  Slaves wanted freedom and fought against the free people

10. Role of France  France had just gone through the French Revolution, a big part of which emphasized equal treatment of all people  In 1787, an anti-slavery society was founded in France  In March 1790, the General Assembly passed an ambiguous legislation requiring all that own properties to be active citizens, which seemed to leave out the Petit Blancs, and include the free men of color as French citizens  France had just gone through the French Revolution, a big part of which emphasized equal treatment of all people  In 1787, an anti-slavery society was founded in France  In March 1790, the General Assembly passed an ambiguous legislation requiring all that own properties to be active citizens, which seemed to leave out the Petit Blancs, and include the free men of color as French citizens

11. Role of France  France had just gone through the French Revolution, a big part of which emphasized equal treatment of all people  In 1787, an anti-slavery society was founded in France  In March 1790, the General Assembly passed an ambiguous legislation requiring all that own properties to be active citizens, which seemed to leave out the Petit Blancs, and include the free men of color as French citizens  France had just gone through the French Revolution, a big part of which emphasized equal treatment of all people  In 1787, an anti-slavery society was founded in France  In March 1790, the General Assembly passed an ambiguous legislation requiring all that own properties to be active citizens, which seemed to leave out the Petit Blancs, and include the free men of color as French citizens

12. The Haitian Revolution

13. The Slave Rebellion  Started on August 21, 1791  A black voodoo priest lead an uprising with a vow to death of all whites  Target was mainly the whites, not the free blacks or mulattoes  Slaves put fire on the northern plane near Cape Francois  Many plantation owners were murdered, women raped and killed, children slaughtered  More than a thousand whites had been killed  Started on August 21, 1791  A black voodoo priest lead an uprising with a vow to death of all whites  Target was mainly the whites, not the free blacks or mulattoes  Slaves put fire on the northern plane near Cape Francois  Many plantation owners were murdered, women raped and killed, children slaughtered  More than a thousand whites had been killed

14. National Assembly’s Involvement The National Assembly was reconsidering the Paris May Decree which allowed legal citizenship to all free men of color, because the Assembly thought it would endanger the colonial status of Saint-Domingue Finally on September 23rd, the decree was revoked France sent soldiers over to Saint-Domingue to restore order, slavery, and French control The National Assembly was reconsidering the Paris May Decree which allowed legal citizenship to all free men of color, because the Assembly thought it would endanger the colonial status of Saint-Domingue Finally on September 23rd, the decree was revoked France sent soldiers over to Saint-Domingue to restore order, slavery, and French control

15. Freedom  In August of 1793, Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave and now the leader of a revolutionary army, invited all people of Saint-Domingue to join him in fighting for liberty  Thousands of blacks joined L’Overture, and either inspired or scared by this action, a French commissioner sent by the National Assembly went beyond his instructions and declared that all slaves were free  In August of 1793, Toussaint L’Ouverture, a former slave and now the leader of a revolutionary army, invited all people of Saint-Domingue to join him in fighting for liberty  Thousands of blacks joined L’Overture, and either inspired or scared by this action, a French commissioner sent by the National Assembly went beyond his instructions and declared that all slaves were free

16. Growing Revolution  Now that the slaves were free, their new concern was Haiti as a country  It was unpredictable whether Haiti was going to remain as French property or become independent  Fighting continued between the slaves, mulattoes, and the whites  Whites and the free blacks fought to maintain slavery and property  Now that the slaves were free, their new concern was Haiti as a country  It was unpredictable whether Haiti was going to remain as French property or become independent  Fighting continued between the slaves, mulattoes, and the whites  Whites and the free blacks fought to maintain slavery and property

17. Toussaint L’Ouverture  Self-educated former slave who made himself the leader of Saint-Domingue  Strongly fought for Haitian independence  Issued a constitution to Saint-Domingue  Declared governor general for life in 1801  Self-educated former slave who made himself the leader of Saint-Domingue  Strongly fought for Haitian independence  Issued a constitution to Saint-Domingue  Declared governor general for life in 1801

18. Toussaint L’Ouvertue  Napoleon from France decided to send another military force to Saint-Domingue in order to regain French control  L’Ouverture was deceived and forced to surrender, then kidnapped and taken to prison in France, where he died  After L’Ouverture’s death, Napoleon took control in Saint-Domingue for several months, until it became obvious that French wanted to re-establish slavery  Black Haitian leaders named Dessalines and Petion fought against French in October 1802 when they found out  Napoleon from France decided to send another military force to Saint-Domingue in order to regain French control  L’Ouverture was deceived and forced to surrender, then kidnapped and taken to prison in France, where he died  After L’Ouverture’s death, Napoleon took control in Saint-Domingue for several months, until it became obvious that French wanted to re-establish slavery  Black Haitian leaders named Dessalines and Petion fought against French in October 1802 when they found out

19. A Free Republic

20. Independence »Dessalines kept fighting against Napoleon’s army, until they were finally defeated in 1803 »The last battle of the Haitian Revolution was the battle of Vertières, fought between the French colonial army and the Haitian rebels »Haitian leader, Jean-Jaques Dessalines announced Haitian independence and gave the name “Haiti” »Dessalines also appointed himself the new leader of Haiti »France refused to recognize Haiti as an independent nation until 1825, when Haiti agreed to pay an “indemnity”

21. Significance Haiti became the second independent nation in the Western Hemisphere, after the United States It was the only successful slave rebellion in history The revolution ended colonialism and also made an influence in the Britain’s abolition of slave trade in 1807