1. AMERICA SECEDES FROM EMPIRE Chapter 8

2. 2 ND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS May 1775  Philadelphia  All 13 represented  Raise money  Recognized the colonial militia as the Continental Army  George Washington as commander

3. BUNKER HILL June 17, 1775  British  3,000  Frontal attack up hill  Americans  1,500 men  Ran out of gunpowder  Deadliest battle of the war  1,000 British casualties --- 450 colonists casualties

4. CONT. Many still hoping for peace Sent an Olive Branch Petition to king King George III - rejected petition  Passed proclamation saying colonists were in rebellion  Urged parliament to order naval blockade  Hired Hessians

5. CANADA Invasion of Canada  Montgomery  Benedict Arnold 14 th Colony 2,000 American troops Offensive Warfare

6. COMMON SENSE John Locke  People have right to life, liberty, and property  Social Contract Thomas Paine  Common Sense --- pamphlet  Attacked King George  Create a better society --- free from tyranny  500,000 copies Republicanism  Popular consent  Collective good of the people

7. JEFFERSON 1776  Congress urged each colony to form its own government  “United Colonies”  Richard Henry Lee  Prepared Declaration of Independence  Thomas Jefferson  “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness”  “Unalienable Rights”  “All Men are Created Equal”  July 2, 1776 -- Colonies were free  July 4, 1776 -- Adopted the Declaration of Independence

8. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Imposing taxes Trial by jury Military dictatorship Standing armies Mercenaries “World’s greatest editorial” “Shout heard round the world”  Inspiration to countless revolutionary movements

9. OPPOSITION Loyalists / Tories  Opposed independence  Loyal King George III  Judges, Governors Patriots / Whigs  Supporters of independence  Political and economic opportunity  Militia = agents of Revolutionary ideas

10. CONT. Patrick Henry  “Give me Liberty, or give me Death” Loyalists = Anglican Church strongest  New York, Charleston, Pennsylvania, New Jersey Patriots = Presbyterianism / Congregationalism  New England

12. BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND July 1776  British focus on N.Y.  500 ships  35,000 men  Outnumbered, outmaneuvered  Washington retreats – regroups  Recrossed Delaware River  December 26, 1776  Surprise attack

13. SARATOGA John Burgoyne --- British Commander  Lead army down from Canada to Albany  Planned to meet up with British troops as they arrived from New York  General Howe – Advance up Hudson River  St. Lawrence River = Lake Champlain  transportation

14. CONT. Patriots rallied to attack Burgoyne  Benedict Arnold  Flotilla Washington  Valley Forge  Train soldiers  Baron Von Steuben Surround Burgoyne  Militiamen Surrender on October 17, 1777

15. CONT. Surrender at Saratoga  Most important event of the war France now believed that the Patriots could win the war  Signed alliance in 1778  Ben Franklin

16. ALLIES Colonies  France, Spain, Holland  Fleets now outnumbered Britain World War  Too big for G.B. handle

17. CONT. African Americans  Some fought with Loyalists --- promised freedom  5,000 served in Continental army Native Americans  Tuscaroras, Oneidas sided with colonists  Most supported the British  “Hair buyers”

18. YORKTOWN British move South  Capture Charles Town, South Carolina Cornwallis --- British General  Moved to Virginia --- Yorktown  Chesapeake Bay  Supplies French defeat the British fleet  Blocked entrance to the Chesapeake Bay  Admiral de Grasse French and American troops surround the British  Month later on October 19, 1781 --- Cornwallis surrendered

19. PEACE AT PARIS Peace talks began in Paris 1782  John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin September 1783  Signed the Treaty of Paris  Confirmed U.S. Independence  Set boundaries of New Nation  Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River  Canada to Florida